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400 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the only non-enveloped RNA virus families?
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Picornaviridae
Calciviridae Reoviridae |
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What are the viruses within Picornaviridae?
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Polio virus
Hepatitis A virus Coxsackie virus Rhinovirus |
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What are the virus within the Calciviridae family?
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Hepatitis E virus
Norwalk virus |
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Are the non-enveloped RNA viruses + or - sense, and what kind of capsid do they have?
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+ sense
icosahedral capsid |
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What does +sense RNA mean?
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+ sense RNA is identical to mRNA and can be directly translated by the host cell
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What does -sense RNA mean?
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-sense RNA is complementary to mRNA and must first be converted to +sense RNA by and RNA polymerase before translation
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What is the main virus within the Reoviridae family?
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rotavirus
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What is the only DS RNA virus?
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rotavirus
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What are the only segmented RNA viruses?
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rotavirus
influenza bunya virus hanta virus |
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What are the +sense, enveloped RNA virus families?
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Togaviridae
Flaviviridae Retroviridae Deltavirus Coronaviridae |
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What is the only +sense, enveloped RNA virus that does not have an icosahedral capsid?
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Coronavirus
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What is the most important virus within Togaviridae?
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rubivirus (Ruebella)
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What are the viruses within the Flaviviridae family?
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Hepatitis C virus
Flavivirus |
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What are the different flaviviruses?
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West Nile Virus
Dengue virus Yellow Fever virus |
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What are the viruses with the Retroviridae family?
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HTLV 1 and 2
Lentivirus (HIV) |
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Which viral families are ss+sense, enveloped, non-segmented, with an icosahedral capsid?
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Togaviridae
Flaviviridae |
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Which viral family is ss diploid, +sense, enveloped, and has an icosahedral capsid?
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Retroviridae
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Which virus is ss -sense, enveloped, and has an icosahedral capsid?
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Deltavirus (Hepatitis D virus)
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What are the -sense viral families that are segmented?
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Bunyaviridae
Orthomyxoviridae |
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Which viruses are in the Bunyaviridae family?
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Bunyavirus
Hanta virus |
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What family contains influenza virus?
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Orthomyxovirus
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What do all the helical nucleocapsid RNA viruses have in common?
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They are all enveloped and single stranded
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What are the RNA viral families that are -sense, enveloped, and non-segmented?
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Paramyxoviridae
Rhabdoviridae Filoviridae Arenaviridae |
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Which RNA virus causes Mumps?
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Rubulavirus, in the Paramyxoviridae family (-sense, non-segmented)
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What is the target cell and receptor associated with Rhinovirus?
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upper respiratory tract epithelial cells, ICAM-1 receptor
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Why is there no Rhinovirus vaccine?
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There are too many viral serotypes
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What viruses are associated with the common cold?
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Rhinovirus
Coronavirus Adenovirus Influenza C virus Coxsackie virus |
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Which two RNA virus families are associated with hemorrhagic fever?
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Arenaviridae (Lassa virus)
Filoviridae (Ebola virus, Marburg virus) |
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Which important virus is in the family Rhabdoviridae and is a Lyssavirus?
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Rabies virus
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Which viral family and genus does measles virus belong to?
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Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
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What are the 5 most common pediatric diseases with a rash, and what causes them?
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-Measles (measles virus from Paramyxoviridae)
-Rubella (rubivirus from Togaviridae) -Scarlet fever (S. pyogenes) -Roseola (HHV 6 from Herpesviridae) -Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 from Parvoviridae) |
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What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis?
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coxsackievirus
echovirus mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae Rubulavirus) |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus falls under what family and genus?
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Paramyxoviridae Pneumovirus
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What are the most common causes of pneumonia in young children?
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RSV
Parainfluenza virus (Paramyxoviridae) |
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What portion of the US is associated with Hantavirus, and what is it carried by?
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Southwest US, carried by rodents. Airborne transmission of rodent urine/feces.
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What are the Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses)?
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-Togaviridae (WEE, EEE, VEE)
-Flaviviridae (Yellow fever, Dengue fever, St. Louis enceph, Japanese enceph) -Bunyaviridae (California enceph, Rift Valley fever, Sandfly fever) |
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What is the most common human disease caused by an arbovirus (arthropod-borne)?
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Dengue fever
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For which arboviruses are vaccines available?
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Yellow Fever Virus
Japanese Encephalitis Virus |
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What properties do HBV, HCV, and HDV have in common?
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-blood transmission
-chronic carrier state -cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma |
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What is the family and genus of the virus that causes a three day fever with a rash beginning on face and spreads to the torso?
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Togaviridae Rubivirus (Rubella virus aka German Measles)
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What is the family and genus of the virus that causes congenital defects in the brain, heart or eye if a pregnant woman is exposed in the 1st trimester?
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Togaviridae Rubivirus (Rubella virus aka German Measles)
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What are the ToRCHeS organisms?
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TOxoplasma
Rubella CMV HErpes, HIV Syphilis |
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What differentiates Rubivirus from other viruses in Togaviridae?
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It is not an arbovirus (not transmitted by an arthropod)
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What are the screening and confirmatory tests for HIV infection? What is the family and genus of this virus?
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Screening: ELISA
Confirmatory: Western Blot Retroviridae Lentivirus |
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Which + sense RNA virus is associated with T-cell leukemia and lymphoma?
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HTLV-1 and HTLV-2
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What is the pathogenesis of an HTLV infection?
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-HTLV infects CD4+ T-cells and integrates into genome.
-IL-2 promotes hyperproliferation of infected cells -Mutations accumulate in rapidly dividing cells, leading to T-cell leukemia, lymphoma |
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What RNA virus is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and young children?
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Rotavirus (Reoviridae)
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What DNA virus is associated with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
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JC virus (Papovaviridae)
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What is the pathogenesis of PML in AIDS patients?
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-JC virus infects oligodendrocytes, leading to demyelination
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What is the characteristic rash associated with VZV?
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Asynchronous rash
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What is the non-specific diagnostic test for VZV?
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Tzank smear of skin biopsy: shows multinucleate giant cells with eosinophilic Cowdry intranuclear inclusions
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What cell and receptor is EBV associated with?
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B-cells, CD21
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What is the virus associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, and what is the pathogenesis?
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EBV
-infects B-cells by binding to C3d complement receptor and become latent in B-cells -Immune response to infected B-cells -If immune sys is compromised, there is uncontrolled B-cell proliferation -mutations accumulate leading to neoplasm |
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What are Downey Type II cells, and what virus are they associated with?
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Atypical T-lymphocytes that are CD8+ and looking for B-cells infected with EBV
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What gene translocation is associated with Burkitt's Lymphoma?
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c-myc oncogene at 8q24
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What areas of the body manifest Burkitt's Lymphoma?
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Maxilla, mandible, abdomen
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Which Herpes virus is heterophile - and which is heterophile +?
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Heterophile - CMV
Heterophile + EBV |
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Which ToRCHeS virus is associated with owl eye inclusions and a "blueberry muffin" baby?
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CMV
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What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation in the US?
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CMV
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What is the only DNA Hepatitis virus?
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Hepatitis B (Hepadenaviridae)
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What presentation is Coxsackie A virus associated with?
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Herpangina (Hand-foot-mouth disease)
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What presentation is Coxsackie B virus associated with?
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Myocarditis
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Which clinical presentations can either Coxsackie A or B viruses be associated with?
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aseptic meningitis
paralysis upper respiratory tract infection |
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What are the "palm and sole" rashes, and what causes them?
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-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rickettsia rickettsii
-Hand-foot-mouth disease: Coxsackie A virus -Secondary Syphilis rash: Treponema pallidum |
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What is the pathophysiology of a poliovirus infection?
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-Fecal-oral transmission
-Infects SI/pharynx epithelium -replicates in submucosal tissue -spreads to CNS by viremia and/or retrograde transport in peripheral nerves -binds receptors of anterior horn motor neurons |
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Which Hepatitis virus is particularly severe in pregnancy?
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HEV
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What are the two life forms fungi exist as?
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Yeast and molds
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What are the properties of yeasts?
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-unicellular
-reproduce by budding -can form pseudohyphae (long chains formed by incomplete budding) |
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What are the properties of molds?
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-multicellular
-grow as hyphae (either septate or non-septate) -septate hyphae have membranes separating individual cells, non-septate don't |
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What is a dimorphic fungi?
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Can exist as either yeast or mold form, depending on environment
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What are some dimorphic fungi examples?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidiodes immitis Blastomyces dermatitidis |
systemic fungi
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What is unique about fungal cell membranes and cell walls?
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-cell membranes contain ergosterol, a cholesterol found in human cells
-cell membranes contain chitin, not peptidoglycan |
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What is the only encapsulated fugus?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What are the opportunistic fungi?
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C. albicans
C. neoformans P. carinii A. fumigatus |
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What are the systemic fungi?
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C. immitis
H. capsulatum B. dermatitidis |
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What is the subcutaneous fungi?
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S. schenckii
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What are the cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)?
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Microsporum
Trichophyton Epidermophyton |
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What would you see in a tissue scraping of C. albicans?
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pseudohyphae and budding yeast
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What is diagnostic for C. neoformans?
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India ink stains budding yeast w/ polysacc capsule in CSF
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What animal is C. neoformans associated with?
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pigeons
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What are the clincal presentations of C. neoformans?
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meningitis
pneumonia |
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What scenario is B. dermatitidis associated with?
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-rotting wood, Ohio and Mississippi river beds, North and South Carolina
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Which fungus is associated with sputum that has broad-based budding yeasts with double refractile cell wall?
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B. dermatitidis
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In which area is C. immitis endemic?
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Southwest US
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In which area is Histoplasmosis endemic?
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Mississippi/Ohio river valleys, Southeast US river basins
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Describe the tissue form of C. immitis infection.
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Erythema nodosum (bumps on skin)
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Which fungus is associated with spherules with endospores?
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C. immitis
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Which fungus has both pseudo and true hyphae, invades tissues, and is associated with endocarditis in IV drug users?
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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What would a tissue biopsy of A. fumigatus look like?
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branching hyphae with spetae
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Name the fugus that causes interstitial pneumonia that gives a ground glass appearance on X-ray and is associated with honeycomb exudate.
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Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci)
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Which fungi are associated with hyphae with 90 degree branching and ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients?
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mucor, rhizopus, absidia (inhaled from soil)
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Which small fungus shows yeast cells within macrophages on tissue biopsy?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Which fungus is associated with bird and bat poop and caves?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Which fungus is causes Rose Gardener's Disease?
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Sporothrix schenckii
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How would you diagnose a dermatophyte infection?
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-Analyze skin scrapings by removing keratin with KOH and observing hyphae
-Wood's lamp for Microsporum |
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What is the most common dermatophyte infection of children?
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tinea capitis
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What are the most common dermatophyte infections in adults?
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tinea cruris
tinea pedis |
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What do all Gram + bacteria have in cell wall?
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Techoic acid
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Why are gram - infections more likely to produce bacterial sepsis?
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outer membrane has Lipid A (endotoxin)
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How does Lipid A (endotoxin) cause toxicity?
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-activates macrophages to secrete IL-2 (fever) and TNF (tissue necrosis, shock)
-stimulates endothelial cells to secrete NO (vasodilation) |
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What are exotoxins?
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proteins released by both gram + and gram - organisms during their life cycle
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What is endotoxin?
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Lipid A in the outer membrane of gram - bacteria. Is released on bacterial death and has potent anti-inflammatory effects.
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What purpose does a capsule serve?
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evasion of phagocytosis by PMNs and macrophages
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What are the encapsulated organisms?
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Strep pneumo
Klebsiella pneumo Haemophilus influenzae type B Proteus Neisseria meningitidis Cornyebacterium diphtheriae |
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Which organism is associated with lecithinase?
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Clostridium perfringens
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Which bacteria are associated with IgA protease (colonizing factor)?
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Neisseria
Haemophilus Strep. pneumo |
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Which bacterial organisms are obligate intracellular parasites?
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chlamydias
rickettsiae mycobacterium leprae |
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Which protozoan organisms are obligate intracellular parasites?
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plasmodium
toxoplasma babesia leishmania trypanosoma cruzii |
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Which bacteria are facultative intracellular parasites?
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Francisella
Legionella Salmonella typhi Brucella Listeria Yersinia pestis Nocardia Borrelia burgdorferi Non-tuberculous mycobacteria |
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Which fungus is facultatively intracellular?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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What organisms cause intracerebral calcifications?
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Toxoplasma
CMV Cystercercosis Cryptococcus neoformans Tuberculous meningitis |
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Which bacteria form spores?
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Clostridiums
Bacillus anthracis and cereus |
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Which of the gram + rods are NON-motile?
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C. diphtheriae
Nocardia Bacillus anthrasis C. perfringens |
CNBC
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Which organisms are acid fast?
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Nocardia (partially)
Mycobacterium Cryptosporidium oocyst |
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Which organisms are biofilm producers?
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Strep. epidermidis
Strep. mutans |
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Which organism has metachromatic staining?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Which organism has lancet-shaped diplococci?
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Strep pneumo
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Which organism is kidney bean (coffee bean) shaped?
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Neisseria
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Which organism has bipolar staining?
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Yersinia pestis
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Which organism has "gull wings"?
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Campylobacter jejuni
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Which virus has intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies called Negri bodies?
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Rabies virus
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Which virus has intracytoplasmic, acidophilic inclusion bodies?
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Poxviruses
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Which virus has intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies that resemble owl eyes?
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CMV
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Which viruses have intranuclear (Cowdry) inclusion bodies?
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HSV
VZV Paramyxoviridae RSV HIV |
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Which organisms are microaerophilic?
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Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori |
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What are the anaerobic bacteria?
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Actinomyces
Bacteroides Clostridiums |
ABC
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What are the aerobic bacteria?
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Mycobacterium
Pseudomonas Bacillus Nocardia Corynebacterium |
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Which organisms are urease +?
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Proteus
Ureaplasma Nocardia Cryptococcus Helicobacter |
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Which organisms are catalase +?
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Staphylococcus sp
Pseudomonas Enterobacteriacae Candida Aspergillus |
SPEAC
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Which organisms are coagulase +?
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Staph. aureus
Yersinia Pestis |
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Which organisms increase cAMP?
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Vibrio cholera
Bacillus anthracis E. coli (ETEC) Bordatella pertussis |
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Which organism is associated with cat scratches, lymphadenopathy, and stellate granulomas?
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Bartonella henselae
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Which organism is associated with acute pneumonia, wt loss, night sweats, and >55/HIV/immigrant?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Which organism is associated with acute pneumonia, wt loss, night sweats, and a dusty environment w/ bird or bat feces?
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Histoplama
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Which organism is associated with acute pneumonia, wt loss, night sweats, and desert sand in the SW US?
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Coccidiodes
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Which organism is associated with acute pneumonia, wt loss, night sweats, and rotting wood in N. or S. Carolina?
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Blastomyces
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What are the screening and confirmatory tests for Syphilus?
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Screening: RPR, VRDL
Confirmatory: FTA-ABS |
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What are the screening and confirmatory tests for TB?
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Screening: auramine-rhodamine
Confirmatory: acid-fast stain |
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What is the HIV target cell and receptor?
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TH cells, macrophages, microglia
CD4+ receptor |
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What is the Reovirus target cell and receptor?
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neurons
Beta-adrenergic receptors |
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What is the Rabies target cell and receptor?
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Neurons
Ach receptors |
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What cytokine is produced by viral-infected cells to inhibit viral replication by inhibiting viral protein synthesis?
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Interferon
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What is the HBs window?
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The period between the end of surface ANTIGEN detection and beginning of surface ANTIBODY dectection
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What are the three naked DNA virus families?
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Parvoviridae
Papovaviridae Adenoviridae |
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What are the three enveloped DNA virus families?
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Herpesviridae
Hepadenaviridae Poxviridae |
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What are the only DNA viruses with polymerase?
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Pox
Hepadena |
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What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the US?
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HSV
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Which HSV strain causes highly fatal encephalitis?
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HSV-1. Creates focal temporal lesions, usually unilaterally. Lots of hemorrhage into CSF with high opening pressure.
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What is the site of latentcy for HSV-1?
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Trigeminal ganglion
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What is the site of latentcy for HSV-2?
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Sacral ganglion
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What is the site of latentcy for VZV?
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Dorsal root ganglion
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What is the site of latentcy for EBV?
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B-cells
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What is the site of latentcy for CMV?
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Mononuclear cells
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What disease is associated with HHV-6?
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Roseola: lacy rash on infant and NO fever (fever precedes rash by 3-5 days)
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What is the disease associated with HHV-8?
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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What is the pathobiology for Kaposi's sarcoma?
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HHV-8 has a gene that turns on VEGF
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Which organism is the leading cause of worldwide blindness?
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Chlamydia trachomatis ABC
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What is the pathogenesis of trachoma?
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Follicular conjunctivitis leads to scarring and entropion, which leads to corneal scarring and blindness.
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What is the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?
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Results from tx of syphillis with penicillin. Mimics hypersensitivity, but really is due to pyrogens released from killed spirochetes. Results in increased temp, decreased BP, rigors, leukopenia.
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Describe the rash associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
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Centripetal: starts at wrists and ankles and spreads inward to trunk. includes palms and soles.
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Which obligate intracellular parasite has elementary and reticular bodies?
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Chlamydiaceae
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What is the disease that commonly affects wrestlers and replicates in the dermis, creating umbilicated warts?
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Molluscum contagiosum
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Which organism is associated with alkaline urine and renal calculi and doesn't gram stain?
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Ureaplasma
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What is the most common cause of UTIs?
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E. coli
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What causes traveler's diarrhea and is associated with ST and LT toxins?
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ETEC
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What are the effects of ST and LT toxin of ETEC?
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ST: stimulates cGMP to impede phagocytosis
LT: stimulates cAMP |
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This is the second most common cause of infantile diarrhea. The organism adheres to M cells of the intestine, effacing microvilli.
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EPEC (entero pathogenic e. coli)
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This gram negative, lactose fermenting organism causes invasive diarrhea in the large bowel resulting in blood, pus, and fever.
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EIEC (enteroinvasive e. coli)
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The most common strain of this non-invasive, hemolytic organism is H7:0157. It uses verotoxin to decrease protein synthesis in the gut.
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EHEC (entero hemolytic e.coli)
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What serious complication of EHEC (H7:0157) may follow diarrhea?
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HUS: fever, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure
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This organism causes hot tub folliculitis.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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This catalase - organism causes an initially vesicular skin lesion which becomes eroded and honey crusted.
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Strep pyogenes
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What is erysipelas and what organism causes it?
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red, raised butterfly facial rash.
Strep pyogenes |
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This organism causes jaw swelling and pain and forms sinus tracts. Yellow granules in exudate.
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Actinomyces israelii
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This organism causes cellulitis following contact with saltwater and oysters.
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Vibrio vulnificus
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This organism causes a granulomatous lesion in tropical fish enthusiasts.
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Mycobacterium marinum
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by C. botulinum?
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prevents Ach release
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by C. tetani?
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prevents glycine release
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by C. diff?
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inhibits protein synthesis and causes increased loss of intracellular K+
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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inhibits protein synthesis
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by Vibrio cholera?
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increases cAMP
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What is the mechanism of the toxin produced by ETEC: LT and ST?
|
-LT: increases cAMP (causes crypt cells to secrete more Cl- and decreases absorption of Na+)
-ST: increases cGMP (decreased cotransport of NaCl into cells |
|
|
|
What are the infectious agents associated with cancer?
|
HHV-8
EBV HTLV HPV HBV/HCV H. pylori S. hematobium S. bovis |
|
|
|
Which organism causes a pustule filled with dark red fluid (tumor-like) which necroses and leaves a black eschar surrounded by a red margin?
|
Bacillus anthrcis
|
|
|
|
Which organism is associated with burns and cellulitis and causes formation of blue-green pus with a grape-like odor?
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with animal bites?
|
Pasturella multocida
|
|
|
|
What organisms tends to infect trauma associated wounds?
|
Clostridium
Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas |
|
|
|
What is the most common bacterial cause of "walking pneumonia"?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
What organism has no cells wall and needs cholesterol to grow in vitro?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with a +cold agglutinins test?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
Which sexually transmitted organisms are associated with mucopurulent discharge?
|
Chlamydia, Neisseria
|
|
|
|
Which sexually transmitted organism is associated with frothy, green malodorous discharge?
|
Trichomonas
|
|
|
|
Which sexually transmitted organism is associated with cottage cheese discharge?
|
Candida
|
|
|
|
Which sexually transmitted organisms are associated with thin, greyish, fishy discharge?
|
Gardnerella
|
|
|
|
What organism causes a sore throat with white papules with red base on posterior palate and pharynx and fever?
|
Coxsackie A
|
|
|
|
What organism causes a strep-like pharynx and severe fatigue, lymphadenopathy, fever, and rash? It is heterophile + and is associated with Downey type II cells.
|
EBV
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with low grade fever and gradual onset of membranous nasopharynx and/or obstructive laryngotracheitis, bull neck, increased BUN, and abnormal EKG?
|
C. diphtheriae
|
|
|
|
This organism causes "sticky eye" conjunctivitis in the neonate.
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
|
This is a common cause of conjunctivitis in the neonate.
|
Neisseria gonorrheae
Chlamydia D-K |
|
|
|
This organism causes conjunctivitis characterized by red itchy eye, thin exudate, pain, photophobia.
|
Adenovirus
|
|
|
|
This organism causes conjunctivitis characterized by red eye, pus, and presence of inclusion bodies in scrapings.
|
Chlamydia D-K
|
|
|
|
This organism causes conjunctivitis characterized by granulomas, inturned eye lashes, corneal scarring, and blindness.
|
Chlamydia ABC
|
|
|
|
These organisms cause chorioretinits in neonates or AIDS patients.
|
Toxoplasma, CMV
|
|
|
|
This organism causes retinopathy with keratitis in the neonate.
|
congenital syphillis
|
|
|
|
What are the organisms in the family Enterobacteriaceae?
|
E. coli
Klebsiella Shigella Yersinia Salmonella Proteus |
|
|
|
What are the lactose fermenting organisms?
|
E. coli
Klebsiella |
|
|
|
What organisms are non-lactose fermenting, non-motile, and non-H2S producing?
|
Shigella
Yersinia |
|
|
|
What organisms are non-lactose fermenting, motile, and produce H2S?
|
Salmonella
Proteus |
|
|
|
What organism may cause an infection in a shallow, dirty puncture wound?
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with inflamed tonsils/pharynx, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, upset stomach, sandpaper rash?
|
Strep pyogenes
|
|
|
|
What is the only +RNA virus that replicates in the nucleus?
|
Retroviruses. The rest replicate in the cytoplasm.
|
|
|
|
What are the common bacterial causes of endocarditis in IV drug users?
|
S. aureus
S. epidermidis Strep viridans Pseudomonas |
|
|
|
What are the common fungal causes of endocarditis in IV drug users?
|
Aspergillus (branching <45)
Candida (pseudohyphae) |
|
|
|
What organism is associated with epiglottitis in young, unvaccinated child?
|
Hflu B
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with fever, sharp barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarse phonation in an infant?
|
Parainfluenza virus (croup)
|
|
|
|
What is a common cause of bronchitis in children <5?
|
RSV
|
|
|
|
What organisms are non-lactose fermenting, non-motile, and non-H2S producing?
|
Shigella
Yersinia |
|
|
|
What organisms are non-lactose fermenting, motile, and produce H2S?
|
Salmonella
Proteus |
|
|
|
What organism may cause an infection in a shallow, dirty puncture wound?
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with inflamed tonsils/pharynx, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, upset stomach, sandpaper rash?
|
Strep pyogenes
|
|
|
|
What is the only +RNA virus that replicates in the nucleus?
|
Retroviruses. The rest replicate in the cytoplasm.
|
|
|
|
What are the common bacterial causes of endocarditis in IV drug users?
|
S. aureus
S. epidermidis Strep viridans Pseudomonas |
|
|
|
What are the common fungal causes of endocarditis in IV drug users?
|
Aspergillus (branching <45)
Candida (pseudohyphae) |
|
|
|
What organism is associated with epiglottitis in young, unvaccinated child?
|
Hflu B
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with fever, sharp barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarse phonation in an infant?
|
Parainfluenza virus (croup)
|
|
|
|
What is a common cause of bronchitis in children <5?
|
RSV
|
|
|
|
What organism is associate with a staccato cough, ground glass xray, and honeycomb exudate w/ silver staining cysts in AIDS pts?
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
|
What is a common cause of bronchitis in >5 years of age?
|
Mycoplasma
Chlamydophila pneumo |
|
|
|
What organism causes afebrile bronchitis associated with cough >2 wks in those >9 years old?
|
Bordatella pertussis
|
|
|
|
What organism causes giant cell pneumonia in poorly nourished, unvaccinated baby and a hemorrhagic rash?
|
Measles virus
|
|
|
|
What organism causes lobar pneumonia in adults associated with rusty-colored sputum?
|
Strep pneumo
|
|
|
|
What organism causes pneumonia especially in people with neutropenia, burns, CGD, and CF?
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
|
What is a common cause of pneumonia in teens/young adults with a hacking cough and initially non-productive cough?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
What organism causes atypical pneumonia associated with air-conditioning exposure, >50 years of age, and heavy smoking/drinking?
|
Legionella
|
|
|
|
What organism causes atypical pneumonia associated with bird exposure and hepatitis?
|
C. psittaci
|
|
|
|
What organism causes pneumonia in alcoholics resulting in abscess formation and current jelly sputum?
|
Kleb pneumo
|
|
|
|
What is the organism that is likely to cause pneumonia secondary to an influenza infection?
|
Strep pneumo
|
|
|
|
What are the components of the rubella triad?
|
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
Cataracts Mental retardation |
|
|
|
What three organs can be affected by Trypanosoma cruzi?
|
Heart (cardioMEGAly)
Esophagus (MEGAesophagus) Colon (MEGAcolon) |
|
|
|
What organism causes endemic typhi?
|
Rickettsia prowazekii (trunk to periphery rash)
|
|
|
|
What antibody is an indication of recurrent hepatitis?
|
HBcAB
|
|
|
|
What three bacteria are quellung reactive test +?
|
Neisseria meningitidis
Strep pneumo H. influenzae |
|
|
|
What two viruses cause pancreatitis?
|
Mumps virus
Coxsackie B40 |
|
|
|
Which organism causes San Joaquin fever?
|
Coccidiodes immitus
|
|
|
|
Which what virus do you see Koplik's spots and Warthin-Finkeldey cells, and possibly subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?
|
Rubeola (measles)
|
|
|
|
With what two viruses are Reye's syndrome associate?
|
Varicella virus
Influenza virus |
|
|
|
What bacteria get inoculated into the body by puncture wound in the skin and also inhibit glycine and GABA?
|
C. tetani
|
|
|
|
What are the three carcinomas associated with EBV?
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Thymic |
|
|
|
What is the only virus to carry its own ribosomes?
|
Arenavirus
|
|
|
|
What organism is associated with gastritis and duodenal ulcers?
|
H. pylori
|
|
|
|
What two viruses do not get their envelope from budding but actually from coding?
|
HIV
Poxvirus |
|
|
|
Wht is the direction of the strand if a virus has infectious +RNA?
|
5'-3' RNA
|
|
|
|
Which organism causes Lyme disease?
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of diarrhea in the US?
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
|
What virus is associated with Negri bodies?
|
Rabies
|
|
|
|
What antigen is need to diagnose an infectious patient with hepatitis B?
|
Hepatitis Be antigen
|
|
|
|
Rice water stools are indicative of what organism?
|
Vibrio cholera
|
|
|
|
What is the reservoir for the togavirus?
|
birds
|
|
|
|
What organism needs factor X and NAD in order to grow on growth medium?
|
H influenzae B
|
|
|
|
To what family of viruses do Dengue, St. Louis, and yellow fever belong?
|
Flavivirus
|
|
|
|
What infective bacteria are found in undercooked hamburgers?
|
e. coli H7:0157
|
|
|
|
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
|
live, attenuated vaccine
|
|
|
|
What virus is responsible for causing the croup and also the common cold in young and old?
|
Parainfluenza virus
|
|
|
|
What virus causes hoof and mouth disease?
|
Vesicular stomatitis virus
|
|
|
|
What virus is associated with erythema infectiosum?
|
Parvo B-19
|
|
|
|
Which organism causes infections by antigen switching?
|
Borrelia recurrentis
|
|
|
|
What organism causes Q fever?
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
|
|
|
What fungus is seen as colored cauliflower lesions?
|
Chromomycosis
|
|
|
|
What organism causes kala-azar, which is associated with hyperpigmentation of the skin, enlargement of the spleen, and decreased bone marrow activity?
|
Leishmania donovani
|
|
|
|
What is the only herpes virus to cross the placenta?
|
CMV
|
|
|
|
What species of bacteria is associated with whooping cough?
|
Bordatella pertussis
|
|
|
|
In what trimester is the fetus most vulnerable to congenital rubella syndrome?
|
1st
|
|
|
|
What are the only two viruses where naked dsDNA is not infectious?
|
Poxvirus
Hepatitis B virus |
|
|
|
What fungus is stained positive with India ink?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
What fungus is found in pigeon droppings?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
Which hepatitis virus is an RNA viroid-like virus that needs hep B to be infective?
|
Hep D
|
|
|
|
What does Candida albicans do that distinguishes it from other fungi?
|
forms a germinal tube at 37C
|
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of orchitis, parotitis, and pancreatitis?
|
Mumps virus
|
|
|
|
What are the only two picornaviruses that do not lead to aseptic meningitis?
|
Hep A
Rhinovirus |
|
|
|
With what organism are intracellular Gram-negative inclusions in neutrophils associated?
|
Neisseria gonorrheae
|
|
|
|
What bacteria are found in poorly preserved canned food and cause flaccid paralysis?
|
C. botulinum
|
|
|
|
Which three organisms cause heterophile negative mononucleosis?
|
CMV
Toxoplasma Listeria |
|
|
|
Antibodies to what hepatitis B antigen provide immunity?
|
HBs antigen
|
|
|
|
What virus is associated with Guarnieri bodies?
|
Variola virus
|
|
|
|
What is the only Plasmodium that is quartan?
|
P. malariae; the others are tertian
|
|
|
|
What virus affects the motor neurons in the anterior horn?
|
Poliovirus
|
|
|
|
Which two organisms can cause sulfur granules in the pus?
|
Actinomyces israelii
Nocardia |
|
|
|
What people are protected from malaria?
|
People with heterogenous sickle cell trait
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
What bacteria causes pseudomembranous colitis?
|
C. diff
|
|
|
|
What glycoprotein in HIV attaches to CD4?
|
GP120
|
|
|
|
What virus binds to B2-microglobulin?
|
CMV
|
|
|
|
What virus binds to complement factor C3?
|
EBV
|
|
|
|
What virus binds to Ach receptors?
|
Rabies virus
|
|
|
|
WHat bacteria are responsible for food poisoning from rice, fried rice, and reheated food?
|
Bacillus cereus
|
|
|
|
What type of Plasmodium is banana or crescent shaped when stained with Giemsa stain?
|
P.falciparum
|
|
|
|
Which hepatitis virus is an enveloped RNA flavivirus, which is known for postinfusional hepatitis?
|
Hep C
|
|
|
|
What type of hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women?
|
Hep E
|
|
|
|
Which type of hepatitis is a picornavirus?
|
Hep A
|
|
|
|
What is the first antigen seen in an individual with hepatitis B?
|
HBs antigen
|
|
|
|
In the window phase of hepatitis B infection, which antibodies do you see?
|
HBc ab, HBe ab
|
|
|
|
What bacteria are associated with food poisoning from ham, potato salad, and custards?
|
High salt: Staph aureus
|
|
|
|
What types of Plasmodium produce latent hypnozoites in the liver, which can cause a relapse?
|
P. vivax and P. ovale
|
|
|
|
Which organism has protein A for an antiopsinization defense?
|
Staph aureus
|
|
|
|
Which agent causes pneumonia in college students and military recruits?
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
What organism stains bipolar and causes buboes?
|
Yersinia pestis
|
|
|
|
What virus is associated with heterophile positive mononucleosis?
|
EBV
|
|
|
|
What organism would cause a patient to present with constant diarrhea after drinking mountain stream water on a camping trip?
|
Giardia lamblia
|
|
|
|
Which type of hepatitis is a calcivirus?
|
Hep E
|
|
|
|
What virus is helical and has HN a F glycoprotein spikes?
|
Paramyxovirus
|
|
|
|
Which spirochete causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
|
|
|
What bacteria are responsible for woolsorters' dz?
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
|
What fungus is found in soil with bird or bat feces?
|
Histoplasma capsulatum
|
|
|
|
Which organism causes trench mouth?
|
Fusobacterium
|
|
|
|
Which virus is associated with hairy T-cell leukemia?
|
HTLV types I and II
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in children <1 year old?
|
RSV
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 segmented RNA viruses?
|
Rotavirus
Orthomyxovirus (influenza) Bunyavirus Arenavirus |
|
|
|
What bacteria cause subacute endocarditis and dental caries?
|
Strep viridans
|
|
|
|
What is the only diploid virus?
|
Retrovirus
|
|
|
|
What organism causes trench fever?
|
Rochalimaea quintana
|
|
|
|
What glycoprotein in the HIV virus is used for fusion?
|
GP41
|
|
|
|
Which organism causes Weil's disease?
|
Leptospira
|
|
|
|
What yeast is urease +?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
What two viruses have neuraminidase activity?
|
Influenza
Mumps |
|
|
|
What fungus is seen as a yeast with broad-based buds and double refractile cell wall?
|
Blastomyces
|
|
|
|
What is the term for the period from onset of an infection to the appearance of the virus extracellularly?
|
Latent period
|
|
|
|
What is the only DNA virus that has the reverse transcriptase enzyme?
|
Hepadenavirus (Hep B)
|
|
|
|
What type of Plasmodium affects only mature RBCs?
|
P. malariae
|
|
|
|
What type of Plasmodium affects only reticulocytes?
|
P. vivax
|
|
|
|
What type of Plasmodium affects RBCs of all ages?
|
P. falciparum
|
|
|
|
What two bacteria are associated with drinking unpasteurized milk?
|
Brucella
Listeria (tumbling motility) |
|
|
|
What two antigens need to be positive for a patient to have chronic active hepatitis?
|
HBe
HBs |
|
|
|
What bacteria constitute the most common cause of nosocomial infections in burn pts and pts with CF?
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
|
Strep pneumo
|
|
|
|
What are the three C's of measles?
|
Cough
Coryza Conjunctivitis |
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in children < 3 months?
|
Strep agalactiae or E. coli
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in non-immunized children between 1-6 years?
|
H. influenzae B
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in military recruits?
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in immunized children 1-6 years old?
|
Strep pneumo
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in HIV+/immunocompromised pts?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults?
|
Strep pneumo
|
|
|
|
Which organism, transmitted by sexual contact, is almost diagnostic by the foul-smelling, green discharge from the vagina and its associated itch?
|
Trichomonas
|
|
|
|
What vector is associated with malaria?
|
Anopheles mosquito
|
|
|
|
What is the only ssDNA virus?
|
Parvovirus
|
|
|
|
What cell type recognizes MHC class I?
|
CD8+ T-cells
|
|
|
|
What cytokine stimulates stem cell differentiation?
|
IL-3
|
|
|
|
What cytokine is chemotactic for neutrophils?
|
IL-8
|
|
|
|
What immunoglobulin activates the alternative pathway , neutralizes bacterial endotoxins and viruses, and prevents bacterial adherence?
|
IgA
|
|
|
|
What is the only IgG that cannot bind to Staph protein A?
|
IgG3
|
|
|
|
What cell surface marker is found on activated TH cells?
|
CD40
|
|
|
|
What immunoglobulin is the first antibody in an immune response?
|
IgM
|
|
|
|
Which complement fragments cause lysis of cells?
|
C5b-9
|
|
|
|
What aspect of the complement system is deficient if there are repeated gonococcal infections and recurrent episodes of meningococcal meningitis?
|
C5, 6, 7, or 8
|
|
|
|
What are the five main oxidizing reactions that are used to kill ingested organisms?
|
H2O2
Myeloperoxidase Superoxide Hydroxyl radical Hypochlorus acid |
|
|
|
What cell surface marker is used to distinguish different stages in the maturation of T cells?
|
CD3
|
|
|
|
Which cell surface marker binds to C3d fragments?
|
CD21
|
|
|
|
Which chromosome is associated with major histocompatibility complex genes?
|
Chromo 6
|
|
|
|
What cell surface markers are found on B cells?
|
CD19 and CD 21
|
|
|
|
What immunoglobulins are found in an infant at birth?
|
Maternal IgG and fetal IgM
|
|
|
|
What are defined by antigen-binding specificity?
|
idiotypes
|
|
|
|
What immunoglobulin is responsible for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of parasites, has a high-affinity Fc receptor on mast cells and basophils, and is responsible for the allergic response?
|
IgE
|
|
|
|
What cytokine, produced, by stromal cells of the bone marrow, is important in lymphoid development?
|
IL-7
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 rules of clonal selection?
|
1. one cell type
2. one antibody type 3. random selection of hypervariable regions, and only cells with bound antigen undergo clonal expansion |
|
|
|
What is the valence of an immunoglobulin molecule equal to?
|
The number of antigens that the antibody can bind
|
|
|
|
What are different classes and subclasses of the same gene product known as?
|
Isotypes
|
|
|
|
What is the last time that maternal IgG is seen in a baby's circulation?
|
between 9 and 15 months
|
|
|
|
What cytokines are secreted by helper T cells to activate the antigen presenting cells?
|
INF gamma
IL-4 |
|
|
|
With what area of the spleen are the T cells associated?
|
Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS)
|
|
|
|
What protein is used to differentiate MHC class I from MHC class II, and on what chromosome is it found?
|
Beta2-microglobulin on chromo 15
|
|
|
|
At what stage of the immune response do you see an increase in serum-specific antibody levels?
|
Log phase
|
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin is found as a pentamer and activates complement?
|
IgM
|
|
|
|
Which IgG cannot activate complement?
|
IgG4
|
|
|
|
What substance is secreted by activated helper T cells to induce T- and B-cell division?
|
IL-2
|
|
|
|
What type of cell can never leave the lymph node?
|
plasma cell
|
|
|
|
What type of cell does an antigen-stimulated B-cell turn into if there is a continuous supply of antigen?
|
Plasma cell
|
|
|
|
What immunoglobulin is responsible for activation of complement, opsonization, and ADCC, and is actively transported across the placenta?
|
IgG
|
|
|
|
What subdivision of MHC is found on all nucleated cells?
|
MHC class I
|
|
|
|
Which four helper T-cell cytokines are involved in differentiation?
|
IL-4
IL-5 IL-6 IL-10 |
|
|
|
Which complement fragment is deficient if the patient presents with repeated infections, fever, rash, and arthralgia?
|
C3
|
|
|
|
What are the four chemotactic agents?
|
IL-8
C5a Leukotriene B4 Bacterial peptides |
|
|
|
Which protein prevents internal binding of self proteins within an MHC II cell?
|
Invariant chain
|
|
|
|
What cytokine, produced by stromal cells, is important in myeloid development?
|
IL-3
|
|
|
|
By which process do antibodies make microorganisms more easily ingested via phagocytosis?
|
opsinization
|
|
|
|
Which process is involved in rearranging one heavy chain gene to produce a functional gene product while it shuts off the rearrangement and expression of the other alleles to ensure that one type of antibody is made?
|
allelic exclusion
|
|
|
|
What is the tetrad of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?
|
rigors
leukopenia decreased BP fever |
|
|
|
What three factors cause opsinization?
|
IgG
C3b Mannose-binding protein |
|
|
|
What cell surface marker do T-cells have?
|
CD3
|
|
|
|
What is the major antibody of internal secretions (blood, CSF, lymph)?
|
IgG
|
|
|
|
Which region of the variable domain comprises the antigen-binding site of the antibody?
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hypervariable region (3 per light chain, 3 per heavy chain)
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What would be the result if an antibody were cleaved with pepsin?
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There would be a Fab' region; thus, it would still be able to participate in precipitation and agglutination.
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What type of immune response is the body capable of making when presented with a killed vaccine?
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Humoral only
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What is the major antibody of external secretions?
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IgA
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What is the main cell type of chronic inflammation?
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macrophage
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What three complement fragments are also anaphylatoxins?
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C3a
C4a C5a |
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What region of the immunoglobulin does not change with class switching?
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Hypervariable region
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What immunoglobulin is a marker for mature B cells and is the antigen receptor for B cells?
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IgD
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What stage of the immune response is involved from the time when we are first presented with an antigen to the first time that there are detectable levels of antibody in the serum?
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Lag phase
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What are the genetic variants of a molecule within members of the same species?
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allotypes
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What type(s) of immune response is the body capable of making when presented with a live vaccine?
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Humoral
Cell-mediated |
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A deficiency in C1 esterase inhibitor results in what disease?
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Hereditary angioedema
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