Microbiology

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oral cavity: Bacteria

Lactobacillus

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Symptoms Dental caries

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Symptoms: Fever, bleeding and painful gums, foul odor (trench mouth)

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Treponema -oral bacteria

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Blisters/lesions of mouth or throat, fever

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Herpes Simplex virus tx: acyclovir

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Nausea, vomiting, pustules on tongue or in throat, skin rash, heart valve damage

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Candida albicans oral fungus

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Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting -source: contaminated food

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Bacillus cereus

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Fever, abdominal pain-Source: contaminated food

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campylobacter jujuni

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Abdominal pain, diarrhea-source: contaminated food

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Clostridium perfringens

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Treatment: Clindamycin

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Clostridium difficile

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Amdominal pain, vomiting, belching, bleeding of ulcers- Source: contaminated food or water

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Helicobacter pylori

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Fever, nausea, cramps, diarrhea (bloody diarrhea)

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Salmonella Enteritidis

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Cramps, intestinal bleeding, diarrhea

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Shigella dysentariae

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Vomiting, muscle cramps, severe water diarrhea source contaminated food or water)

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Vibrio Cholerae

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Vomiting, slight fever, watery diarrhea ( responsibe for millions of children deaths)

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Rotaviruses

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Nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, jaundice

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Hepatitis A, E

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Contaminated food, usualy peanuts Sx: liver damage (cirrhosis)

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Aspergilus Flavus

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Reduced blood flow to extremities, causing gangrene, hallucinations, muscle spasms, and seizures

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Claviceps pupurea

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Nausea, weakness, weight loss, abdominal pain, persistent diarrhea, vomiting source: contaminated food or water, oral-fecal contamination

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Cryptosporidium Parvum GI tract protozoa

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Nausea, weakness, weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, bloody stool tx Metronidazol

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entamoeba histolytica

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Malaise, nausea, weakness, weight loss, cramps diarrhea tx metronidazole

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Giardia lamblia

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Anemia

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Taenia saginata (tapeworm) from ingestionof contaminated meat

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Itching of anal region, restlessness, poor sleep

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Ingestion of eggs of organisms found in soil, dust, food Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm)

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Mental retardation in children

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Nector Americanus (hookworm)

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Usually no symptoms, occasional bouts with fever, trouble breathing, coughing, and wheezing source: ingestion of eggs

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treatment: mebendazole Ascaris lumbricoides

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Abdoninal pain, diarrhea source: ingestion of contaminated meat

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tx: steroids with thiabendazole Trichinella Piralis Helminths

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Asymptomatic; large numbers- abdominal pain bloody diarrhea weightloss

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treatment Mebendazole Helminth Trichuris trichiura (shipworm

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Microbial life on teeth was first observed by:

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van Leeuwenhoek

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Term used to describe the inflammation of the stomach and intestine, caused by microorganisms or ingestion of chemical toxins

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Gastroenteritis

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a gram-negative bacterium that is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers

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Helicobacter plori

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mild to sever diarrhea, but it also may include loss of appetite, nausea, vvomiting, aches, headache, and a low-grade fever may also occur

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The main symptoms to gastroenteritis

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Contaminated food (with organisms or its toxins), contaminated water, contact with an infected person, unwashed hands, dirty food utensils, contaminated work spaces

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Causes of gastroenteritis

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are a common illness in the United States, and 1in 10Americans will experience and ulcer at some time during their lifetime. Ulcers are a form of damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa caused by long-term use of anti-inflammatory agents.

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Helicobacter Pylori or Helicobacter peptic ulcer

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a gastroenteritis casued by _______ species, which belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonsporing microorganisms, and their normal habitat is the intestinal tracts of many animals, including humans.

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Salmonellosis, Salmonella

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Salmonella species cause ____ and food borne illnesses in humans

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Typhoid fever

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Most people infected with ____ develop Diarrhea, fever (103-104) and abdominal camps 12 to 72 hours after infection.

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Salmonella

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Preventative measures include: avoiding raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, or meat, careful monitoring of homemade foods that include raw eggs, appropriate hand washing, cutting boards, countertops, knives, and other utensils after handling uncooked foods

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Preventative measures for Salmonella

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Approximately ____ cases of salmonellosis are reported annually in the United States alone but the actual number of infections may be 20 or more times greater than _______.

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40000

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These bacteria are gram-negative non spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria present only in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans, apes, and monkeys. Also called bacillary dysentery, is an infectious disease caused by four species : Boydii, dysenteriae, flexneri, and sonnei.

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Shigellosis

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An Estimated _____ cases of shigellosis occur annually in the United States and are responsible for less than 10% or reported outbreaks of foodborne illness.

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18,000

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These bacteria are vibrioid or helical, gram-negative, motile microaerophiles. It is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the US. affecting primarily children below the age of 5 years and also youn adults between the ages of 15 to 29 years.

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Campylobacteriosis

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Campylobacter jejuni, C.fetus, and C. Coli with the cause of ______ in humans

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Campylobacteriosis

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Transmission can occur by handling raw poultry, eating undercooked poultry, drinking nonchlorinated water or raw mild, or handling human or animal feces without following with appropriate hand washing proceedures

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Campylobacteriosis

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Once the strain colonizes the small intestine, it produces enterotoxins responsible for the illness. There are 5 forms of?

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Escherichia coli or E. Coli

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The serotype 0157:H7 produces large quantities of one or more related potent toxins, capable of producing severe damage to the intestinal lining. These toxins are closely related to the toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and cause diarrhea with abundant bloody discharge. It is frequently life-threatening because of its toxic effects on the kidneys (hemolytic uremia)

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Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)

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can be confused with appendicitis, because of the right sided abdominal pain and fever. and Diarrhea that can last 3 weeks or longer. Those infected are most commonly the young.

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Yersinia enterocolitica the causative agent of yersiniosis

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This gram-positive, nonsporing rod is a facultatively anaerobic intracellular pathogen that is acquired by ingesting contaminated food. organism can spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system.primary source is believed to be soil and decaying plant matter: the bacterium also can be carried by many animals and animal feed.Estimated 2500 cases are reported anually

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Lysteriosis is an illness caused by the microorganism Listeria Monocytogenes

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rare in the US an average of 110 cases per year

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Botulism

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what Genus is Botulism of?

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Clostridium

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4 types : foodborne, Infant, wound and inhalation

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Botulism

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Sx of foodborne generally occur within 18 to 36 hours after ingesting contaminated food, but they can occur as early as 6 hours or as long as 10 days after consumption. Patients become weak and dizzy. Early sx include blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, and abdominal pain. Progression of the dx, weakness of the peripheral muscles develops. Death is due to primarily to respiratory paralysis.

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Foodborne botulism

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Any food prepared and not appropriately chilled or refrigerated after preparation is a potential source of food poisoning. ____ is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis as a result of contaminated food ingestion, with the illness being caused by the absorption of _____coccal enterotoxins present in the food. Is somewhat heat resistant and even the vegetative organism can tolerate 60C for up to half an hour.

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Staphylocuccus Aureus

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Normally, the infective dose is reached wien the population of S. Aureus exceeds _____ bacteria per gram of food

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100000

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Sx. Nausea Vomiting, retching, abdominal pain, and prostration. Headache, muscle cramping and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate.

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Staphlyococcal intoxification

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Food poisoning caused by ____ can occur when prepared foods are held withouth adequate refrigeration for several hours before serving.

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Bacillus Cereus

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sx. Nasuea, Vomiting, abdominal cramping, little to no diarrhea transmission: ingestion: mayonnaise and dairy products infective dose is 100000

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Diarrhea, little vomiting, no fever Toxins: Diarrheal:heat-labile. Transmission Ingestion: starchy foods

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Bacillus cereus

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Diarrhea, little to no vomiting, no fever. Transmission: ingestion of toxin

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Clostridium perfingens

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A progressive descending, flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles beginning at the head. Toxins Neurotoxic protein. TransmissionIngestion of toxin

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Clostridium Botulinum

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Cholera

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watery diarrhea, vomiting and leg cramps. the resulting rapid loss of blody fluids leas to dehydration and shock, and without treatment death can follow within hours. (rice water stools from contaminated water.)

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Bacteria of the genus Vibrio

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Vibrio Cholerae. Massive diarrhea

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are the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children worldwide and are responsible for more than 50% of hospitalizations of children due to diarrhea.

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Rotaviruses

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Approximately 55,000 children are hospitalized in the US each year and more than 600000 children worldwide die annually

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Rotaviruses

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The incubation period is about 2 days and the gastroenteritis lasts for 3 to 8 days with fever and abdominal pain being common symptoms.

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Rotaviruses

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Are positive-sense single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses and belong to group IV according to the Baltimore classification system. Have been isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, and humans.

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Caliciviruses

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is an inflammation of the liver

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hEPATITIS

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TRANSMITTED BY FECAL ORAL ROUTE AND NEITHER ONE RESULTS IN A CHRONIC INFECTION

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Hep A and E

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is a mold common in corn and peanuts and is one of several species of mold known to produce aflatoxin, a carcinogenic substance.

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Aspergillus Flavus

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Abscesses in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in patients with AIDS.

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Aspergillus

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This fungus contaminates rye and wheat and produces substances call alkaloids.

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Rye and wheat

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Giardia Intestinalis (Giardiasis)

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is a portozoan

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also known as G. Intestinalis, an organism that lives in the intestinal tract of animals and human

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Gardia Lamblia

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is present in the digestive tracts of about 10% of the human population. Sanitation practices are deficient annual morality is about 100,000 transmission by fecal contamination of hand or food or during any other activities that will allow the organism to be spread from the fecal material of one person to the GI tract of another.

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Entaoeba histolytica

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the term for human tapeworm infection, is normally acquire by consuming raw or undercooked meat of infected animals

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Taeniasis, no symptoms

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It lives in the rectum of humans

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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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Causes itching around the anus and eggs can survive up to 2 weeks on clothing, bedding, or other objects. tx is mebendazol

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Pinworm infection or Enterobius Vermicularis

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most common nematode infection of humans worldwide. the infection is most common in tropical and subtropical areas.

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Ascaris Lumgricoides or ascaris infection or ascariasis

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the parasite can enter the soil when contaminated with human feces, and the eggs remain viable in the soil for long periods of time. Subsequently vegetables and fruits grown in this soil become contaminated.

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Ascariasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides

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Most people are asympotamatic, but the illness may cause slower weight gain and growth

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Ascaris lumbricoides