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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List 4 groups of Microorganisms that cause ilness in humans
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Bacteria, Virus, fungi and parasites
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Identify ways microbes are used in the food industry?
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Making yogurt and other dairy products, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine and bread, aspartame
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Identify ways microbes help humans
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E coli bacteria produce vitamin K, synthesize antibiotics and produce other chemicals that inhibit pathogens. Used in genetic engineering to make biological products such as interferon, human growth hormone and vaccines, used to improve plants and animals we eat.
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Idenity ways microbes are used in the environment
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Pseudomonas can degrade oil ina an oil spill, neutralize toxic substances in soil and water and to digest explosives that are too dangerous to handle. Turn waste into energy(methane)
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List 3 reasons microbes are used in research
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Growing microorganisms is inexpensive and takes up little space, No food or waste clean up compared to research animals, microbes have simple structures and multiply rapidly.
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Name the 4 subclasses of microbiology
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Bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and Mycology
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Describe the genus and species names of microbes
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Genus is the first name and is capitalized, species is the second name in lower case.
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Contrast the germ theory of disease with the concept of spontaneous generation
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The germ theory states that microorganisms (germs) can invade other living things and cause disease. Germs must be present to acquire disease Spontaneous generation was the belief that microorganisms could arise from nonliving substances
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List Koch's postulates
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1.a specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. 2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease. 4. The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal. We cannot follow Koch's postulates to the letter today due to practicality and ethical reasons.
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Describe how the Scientific method process applies to health care today
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State the problem, hypothesis, collect data, conclusion
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What is a pure culture and why do microbiologist need one
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Pure cultures are cultures that contain only one kind of organism. Pure culturs let scientist make observations of growth characteristics and nutritional needs of individual species to identify the organsism and perform antibiotic susceptibility tests
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Name a major contribution from Semmelweis, Pasteur,Jenner and Lister
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Semmelweis-discovered correlation between disease and sanitation. Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation, developed vaccines for rabies and cholera and technique for pasteurization. Jenner- Developed vaccine for smallpox. Lister-father of antiseptic surgery, first to sterilize surgical instruments and area with carbolic acid to decrease infections
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State 2 synonyms for phagocytes
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Leukocytes or white blood cells
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Define Pathogenic
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Disease Causing
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Define Chemotherapy
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any chemical substance used to treat disease
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Define Lysozyme
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Enzyme found in tears,sweat, and saliva that can kill or inhibit bacteria
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Define antibiotic
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chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms
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List the sections of the Clinical Laboratory besides Microbiology.
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Hematology/Coag, Serology/Urinalysis, Chemistry, Blood Bank, Histology, ect
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What is the job title for professionals who perform Lab test?
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Clinical Lab Scientists, Medical Technologist or Medical Lab Techs-MLT
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List some variables that may affect experiments using microbes
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Time, Temp, ph, O2, air pressure, light, concentration, moisture, ingredients/nutrients/antibiotics in the growth media, kind of microbe
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Define Bioremediation
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process that uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to transform harmful substances into less toxic or nontoxic compounds example Pseudomonas degrading oil in an oil spill
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Define Epidemiology
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The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population
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Define Genetic engineering
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The use of various techniques to purposefully manipulate genetic material to alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired way.
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Define Microscopy
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The technology for making very small things visible to the human eye
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Define Bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria
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Define Pleomorphic
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Varying shapes or sizes of bacteria
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Describe Metabolism in living cells in general: catabolism and anabolism
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Metabolism all chemical reactions taking place in a living cell. Catabolism breakdown of substances to provide energy ATP. Anabolism synthesis/building of substances/structures which consume energy
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List 6 common elements in microbes and humans
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CHNOPS Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
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Give examples of acidic and basic solutions
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Acids- vinegar, ascorbic acid(vitamin c), stomach acid
Basic or alkaline- bleach, ammonia, baking soda |
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describe Carbohydrates
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supplies energy for cell activities Example glucose and other sugars
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Describe Lipids
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Part of structure in cells many used for energy Example cholesterol and triglycerides
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Describe Proteins
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composed of amino acids used to make protein structures as needed by all living things
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Describe Nucleic Acids
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Genetic info passed from one generation to the next generation DNA and RNA
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Describe water
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acts as a solvent and participates in many chemical reactions/ without water dehydration can lead to death water is the most important abundant compound in living cells endospores and viruses don't need water
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Describe enzymes
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protein catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions without excess heat
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Most proteins and enzymes are destroyed or denatured at high temperatures and or extreme ph's. True or False
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True
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Define Microscopy
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Using technology for making very tiny things visible to the human eye
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Describe what parfocal means
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When switching from low to high to oil, you should not have to change the coarse adjustment
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What is the ocular micrometer used for?
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Scale/ruler in one of the oculars used for measuring cells
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When using the low power objective, do you set the light close to the slide or down away from the slide?
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Down away
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When using the oil immersion lens, do you need the light to be high or low?
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High-close to the slide
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What kind of bacteria can be seen using dark-field illumination/microscopy?
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Spirochetes
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Name 3 organisms/bacteria that can be seen using fluorescence mircroscopy?
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1. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
2. Legionella 3. Pseudomonas 4. Treponema |
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Explain uses of direct and indirect fluorescent Antibody tests
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DFA is used to detect organism in clinical specimen from infected site(sputum, wound or urine) IFA is using the patients serum to detect antibodies to a certain pathogen
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What kinds of organisms can only be visualized by an electron microscope?
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Viruses
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What do TEM and SEM mean?
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TEM-transmission electron microscopy( see through cell like an Xray
SEM-scanning electron microscopy(see outside structures) |
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What organisms is the wet mount or hanging drop preparation especially good for:
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Trichomonas and Detect yeast or fungus in a liquid specimen
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Why are some smears stained?
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To help visualize cells that are there. Stain shows detail to help identify the cells.
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Name 2 ways to fix bacteria and cells to a glass slide
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Heat or methanhol-To prevent bacteria and cells from washing off the slide
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Describe the 4 steps in the Gram stain
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1. put on crystal violet
2. gram's idodine 3. acetone alcohol(decolorize) 4. Safranin (red stain) |
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What information can be obtained from a Gram stain?
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1. Gram reactivity of most bacteria(gram+,gram-, gram varible
2.Arrangement and shape of baceteria(chains, clusters,dip 3. What cells are present 4.Quality of specimen 5. presumptive genus name if characteristic such as strep pneumo or Haemophilus sp. |
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List some limitations of the gram stain.
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1. whether organisms are dead or alive
2. growth requirements of the organisms present(aerobic,anaerobic, capnophilic 3. unusual bacteria such as Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, legionella, rickettsia 4.viruses and most parasites 5.flagella and internal structures(endospores, ribosomes, plasma membrane) of bacteria |
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Name 2 or 3 organisms that are acid-fast.
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Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia
Parasites: Cyclospora and cryptosporidium |
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Name 2 genera of bacteria that produce endospores:
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Clostridium and Bacillus
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Why are endospores important in health care?
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they can cause serious infection such as tetanus, food poisoning, and gangrene
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Why are capsules important in health care?
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Inhibits phagocytosis can inhibit antibiotics and capsular antigens used to detect specific organisms
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What compounds in the cell walls of Mycobacteria make them difficult to stain?
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The lipid layer consists of mycolic acid which forms a waxy, water resistant layer. This also makes them resistant to drying and few drugs are able to enter the cell
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Name the 3 basic shapes of bacteria
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Coccus(round), Bacillus(rod), spiral or curved
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Define Pleomorphism
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organisms naturally having different shapes and length/size
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The bacteria Haemophilus are naturally pleomorphic True or false
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True
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Describe the following arrangements Diplo, strepto, and cluster.
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Diplo-2 organisms connected together
Strepto-chain of organisms together Cluster-shape like a group/cluster of grapes example Staphylococcus |
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Identify functions of cell wall
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structure and shape of the cell
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Identify cell membrane
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regulates what goes in and out also call plasma membrane
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Identify cytoplasm
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liquid inside a cell made up mostly of water
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Identify Ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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Identify Nucleic acid
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RNA and DNA
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Identify Endospores
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Survival forms of organisms in adverse environmental conditions
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Identify Flagella
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provide motility
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Identify Pili tubes
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transport genetic information
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Identify Fimbriae
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Attachment especially to mucous membrane
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Identify capsules
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slimy covering firmly attached to the outside cell wall
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Identify slime layer
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slippery layer loosely attached to surface
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Name 3 components of the bacterial cell wall that differentiate Gram + from gram -
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1. peptidoglycan thick+ thin-
2. Techoic acid(GP) - does not have 3. lipopolysacccharide(GN) gram - |
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What kind of bacteria contain endotoxins?
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Gram Negative
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Name 2 kinds of chemicals that can kill bacteria by damaging cell walls?
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Certain antibiotics can weaken cell walls
Disinfectants-damage cell walls |
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What happens when a liquid suspension is centrifuged?
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Sediment, heavy particles are forced to the bottom of the test tube and the watery part stays at the top
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What do Bacillus and Clostridium have in common regarding internal structures?
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Endospores
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What happens when a Clostridial endospore is accidentally inserted into human tissue?
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It germinates into a vegetative cell, reproduces and causes infection
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What physical method of sterilization is used to destroy endospores?
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Autoclave
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Identify how the slime layer enables oral flora to cause problems
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The slime layer helps it attach to the enamel of teeth as serves as a precursor to plaque and gum disease.
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What properties does a capsule give to bacteria?
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Resist phagocytosis helps bacteria attach to various surfaces, protect against dehydration
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Describe Isotonic
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Equal concentration on both sides of a cell membrane
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Describe Hypotonic
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water enters cell, causing it to burst
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Describe Hypertonic
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Water leaves cell, causing it to shrink, shrivel(dehydrate)
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Describe phagocytosis
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Leukocytes ingest solids to destroy foreign organisms or remove parts of dead cells throughout the human body(when white blood cells engulf bacteria and destroy it)
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