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85 Cards in this Set

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List 4 groups of Microorganisms that cause ilness in humans
Bacteria, Virus, fungi and parasites
Identify ways microbes are used in the food industry?
Making yogurt and other dairy products, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine and bread, aspartame
Identify ways microbes help humans
E coli bacteria produce vitamin K, synthesize antibiotics and produce other chemicals that inhibit pathogens. Used in genetic engineering to make biological products such as interferon, human growth hormone and vaccines, used to improve plants and animals we eat.
Idenity ways microbes are used in the environment
Pseudomonas can degrade oil ina an oil spill, neutralize toxic substances in soil and water and to digest explosives that are too dangerous to handle. Turn waste into energy(methane)
List 3 reasons microbes are used in research
Growing microorganisms is inexpensive and takes up little space, No food or waste clean up compared to research animals, microbes have simple structures and multiply rapidly.
Name the 4 subclasses of microbiology
Bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and Mycology
Describe the genus and species names of microbes
Genus is the first name and is capitalized, species is the second name in lower case.
Contrast the germ theory of disease with the concept of spontaneous generation
The germ theory states that microorganisms (germs) can invade other living things and cause disease. Germs must be present to acquire disease Spontaneous generation was the belief that microorganisms could arise from nonliving substances
List Koch's postulates
1.a specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. 2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy susceptible animal must produce the same disease. 4. The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal. We cannot follow Koch's postulates to the letter today due to practicality and ethical reasons.
Describe how the Scientific method process applies to health care today
State the problem, hypothesis, collect data, conclusion
What is a pure culture and why do microbiologist need one
Pure cultures are cultures that contain only one kind of organism. Pure culturs let scientist make observations of growth characteristics and nutritional needs of individual species to identify the organsism and perform antibiotic susceptibility tests
Name a major contribution from Semmelweis, Pasteur,Jenner and Lister
Semmelweis-discovered correlation between disease and sanitation. Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation, developed vaccines for rabies and cholera and technique for pasteurization. Jenner- Developed vaccine for smallpox. Lister-father of antiseptic surgery, first to sterilize surgical instruments and area with carbolic acid to decrease infections
State 2 synonyms for phagocytes
Leukocytes or white blood cells
Define Pathogenic
Disease Causing
Define Chemotherapy
any chemical substance used to treat disease
Define Lysozyme
Enzyme found in tears,sweat, and saliva that can kill or inhibit bacteria
Define antibiotic
chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms
List the sections of the Clinical Laboratory besides Microbiology.
Hematology/Coag, Serology/Urinalysis, Chemistry, Blood Bank, Histology, ect
What is the job title for professionals who perform Lab test?
Clinical Lab Scientists, Medical Technologist or Medical Lab Techs-MLT
List some variables that may affect experiments using microbes
Time, Temp, ph, O2, air pressure, light, concentration, moisture, ingredients/nutrients/antibiotics in the growth media, kind of microbe
Define Bioremediation
process that uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to transform harmful substances into less toxic or nontoxic compounds example Pseudomonas degrading oil in an oil spill
Define Epidemiology
The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population
Define Genetic engineering
The use of various techniques to purposefully manipulate genetic material to alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired way.
Define Microscopy
The technology for making very small things visible to the human eye
Define Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
Define Pleomorphic
Varying shapes or sizes of bacteria
Describe Metabolism in living cells in general: catabolism and anabolism
Metabolism all chemical reactions taking place in a living cell. Catabolism breakdown of substances to provide energy ATP. Anabolism synthesis/building of substances/structures which consume energy
List 6 common elements in microbes and humans
CHNOPS Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
Give examples of acidic and basic solutions
Acids- vinegar, ascorbic acid(vitamin c), stomach acid
Basic or alkaline- bleach, ammonia, baking soda
describe Carbohydrates
supplies energy for cell activities Example glucose and other sugars
Describe Lipids
Part of structure in cells many used for energy Example cholesterol and triglycerides
Describe Proteins
composed of amino acids used to make protein structures as needed by all living things
Describe Nucleic Acids
Genetic info passed from one generation to the next generation DNA and RNA
Describe water
acts as a solvent and participates in many chemical reactions/ without water dehydration can lead to death water is the most important abundant compound in living cells endospores and viruses don't need water
Describe enzymes
protein catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions without excess heat
Most proteins and enzymes are destroyed or denatured at high temperatures and or extreme ph's. True or False
True
Define Microscopy
Using technology for making very tiny things visible to the human eye
Describe what parfocal means
When switching from low to high to oil, you should not have to change the coarse adjustment
What is the ocular micrometer used for?
Scale/ruler in one of the oculars used for measuring cells
When using the low power objective, do you set the light close to the slide or down away from the slide?
Down away
When using the oil immersion lens, do you need the light to be high or low?
High-close to the slide
What kind of bacteria can be seen using dark-field illumination/microscopy?
Spirochetes
Name 3 organisms/bacteria that can be seen using fluorescence mircroscopy?
1. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
2. Legionella
3. Pseudomonas
4. Treponema
Explain uses of direct and indirect fluorescent Antibody tests
DFA is used to detect organism in clinical specimen from infected site(sputum, wound or urine) IFA is using the patients serum to detect antibodies to a certain pathogen
What kinds of organisms can only be visualized by an electron microscope?
Viruses
What do TEM and SEM mean?
TEM-transmission electron microscopy( see through cell like an Xray
SEM-scanning electron microscopy(see outside structures)
What organisms is the wet mount or hanging drop preparation especially good for:
Trichomonas and Detect yeast or fungus in a liquid specimen
Why are some smears stained?
To help visualize cells that are there. Stain shows detail to help identify the cells.
Name 2 ways to fix bacteria and cells to a glass slide
Heat or methanhol-To prevent bacteria and cells from washing off the slide
Describe the 4 steps in the Gram stain
1. put on crystal violet
2. gram's idodine
3. acetone alcohol(decolorize)
4. Safranin (red stain)
What information can be obtained from a Gram stain?
1. Gram reactivity of most bacteria(gram+,gram-, gram varible
2.Arrangement and shape of baceteria(chains, clusters,dip
3. What cells are present
4.Quality of specimen
5. presumptive genus name if characteristic such as strep pneumo or Haemophilus sp.
List some limitations of the gram stain.
1. whether organisms are dead or alive
2. growth requirements of the organisms present(aerobic,anaerobic, capnophilic
3. unusual bacteria such as Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium, legionella, rickettsia
4.viruses and most parasites
5.flagella and internal structures(endospores, ribosomes, plasma membrane) of bacteria
Name 2 or 3 organisms that are acid-fast.
Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia
Parasites: Cyclospora and cryptosporidium
Name 2 genera of bacteria that produce endospores:
Clostridium and Bacillus
Why are endospores important in health care?
they can cause serious infection such as tetanus, food poisoning, and gangrene
Why are capsules important in health care?
Inhibits phagocytosis can inhibit antibiotics and capsular antigens used to detect specific organisms
What compounds in the cell walls of Mycobacteria make them difficult to stain?
The lipid layer consists of mycolic acid which forms a waxy, water resistant layer. This also makes them resistant to drying and few drugs are able to enter the cell
Name the 3 basic shapes of bacteria
Coccus(round), Bacillus(rod), spiral or curved
Define Pleomorphism
organisms naturally having different shapes and length/size
The bacteria Haemophilus are naturally pleomorphic True or false
True
Describe the following arrangements Diplo, strepto, and cluster.
Diplo-2 organisms connected together
Strepto-chain of organisms together
Cluster-shape like a group/cluster of grapes example Staphylococcus
Identify functions of cell wall
structure and shape of the cell
Identify cell membrane
regulates what goes in and out also call plasma membrane
Identify cytoplasm
liquid inside a cell made up mostly of water
Identify Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Identify Nucleic acid
RNA and DNA
Identify Endospores
Survival forms of organisms in adverse environmental conditions
Identify Flagella
provide motility
Identify Pili tubes
transport genetic information
Identify Fimbriae
Attachment especially to mucous membrane
Identify capsules
slimy covering firmly attached to the outside cell wall
Identify slime layer
slippery layer loosely attached to surface
Name 3 components of the bacterial cell wall that differentiate Gram + from gram -
1. peptidoglycan thick+ thin-
2. Techoic acid(GP) - does not have
3. lipopolysacccharide(GN) gram -
What kind of bacteria contain endotoxins?
Gram Negative
Name 2 kinds of chemicals that can kill bacteria by damaging cell walls?
Certain antibiotics can weaken cell walls
Disinfectants-damage cell walls
What happens when a liquid suspension is centrifuged?
Sediment, heavy particles are forced to the bottom of the test tube and the watery part stays at the top
What do Bacillus and Clostridium have in common regarding internal structures?
Endospores
What happens when a Clostridial endospore is accidentally inserted into human tissue?
It germinates into a vegetative cell, reproduces and causes infection
What physical method of sterilization is used to destroy endospores?
Autoclave
Identify how the slime layer enables oral flora to cause problems
The slime layer helps it attach to the enamel of teeth as serves as a precursor to plaque and gum disease.
What properties does a capsule give to bacteria?
Resist phagocytosis helps bacteria attach to various surfaces, protect against dehydration
Describe Isotonic
Equal concentration on both sides of a cell membrane
Describe Hypotonic
water enters cell, causing it to burst
Describe Hypertonic
Water leaves cell, causing it to shrink, shrivel(dehydrate)
Describe phagocytosis
Leukocytes ingest solids to destroy foreign organisms or remove parts of dead cells throughout the human body(when white blood cells engulf bacteria and destroy it)