Microbiology

Front 1

Locate the fire extinguisher.

Back 1

By the sink next to the door

Front 2

Locate the eye wash.

Back 2

Next to door/entrance

Front 3

Locate the shower.

Back 3

Next to door/entrance

Front 4

Locate the fume hood.

Back 4

By entrance.

Front 5

Locate the disinfectant.

Back 5

On all lab tables also back corner

Front 6

Locate the bleach

Back 6

By the sink

Front 7

Locate the phone

Back 7

On the podium

Front 8

Locate the paper towels.

Back 8

Above the sinks and on the tables

Front 9

Locate the Autoclave

Back 9

On the lab table

Front 10

Locate the latex exam gloves.

Back 10

Front of lab/next to entrance

Front 11

Locate the Test Tube Racks.

Back 11

Next to fridge

Front 12

Locate Dyes used for stains

Back 12

By sink

Front 13

Locate the broke glass disposal box.

Back 13

Under chemical hood

Front 14

Locate the MSDS notebooks

Back 14

On window sill

Front 15

Locate the dust pan/ broom.

Back 15

On top of fridge

Front 16

Locate the spill kit.

Back 16

Below sink

Front 17

Locate bacticinerator

Back 17

On table

Front 18

Locate the incubators

Back 18

Next to chemical hood

Front 19

Locate the refridgerators.

Back 19

Back of room

Front 20

Where are used glass test tubes disposed?

Back 20

Back of room in a used test tube rack

Front 21

Where are used glass slides disposed of?

Back 21

In the basin at the back of the room on the counter

Front 22

Where is broken glass disposed?

Back 22

Back of room, in the cardboard box

Front 23

Where do used latex gloves go?

Back 23

In the autoclave trash on table

Front 24

Where do paper towels used for bench disinfection go?

Back 24

In the trash on the table.

Front 25

Where do used Petri plates go?

Back 25

In the autoclave trash

Front 26

Where do used Qtips go that were used to clean the microscopes.

Back 26

In the normal trash.

Front 27

Why is acid fast stain considered differential.

Back 27

Use two stains, Tells me size, shape, arrangement and something else. (waxy wall)

Front 28

What is the difference between the decolorizer used in the Gram Stain and the decolorizer used in the Acid fast stain?

Back 28

Gram: Acetone Alcohol

Acid fast: Acid Alcohol

Front 29

Define the term Acid fast

Back 29

Their waxy walls allow them to not decolorize with acid alcohol.

Front 30

What is the difference between the Ziehl Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain?

Back 30

Ziehl Uses steam to penetrate the waxy walls

Kinyoun- concentrated dye, heat and longer stain time.

Front 31

List 3 acid fast organisms and their associated Disease names.

Back 31

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium leprae: Leprosy

Nocardia asteroides: Nocardiosis

Front 32

Since endospores do not stain easily, state two methods used to force the dye into the endospore.

Back 32

Heat and extended staining time

Front 33

Name the dyes used in the Schaeffer-Fulton spore stain.

Back 33

Malachite green

safranin

Front 34

In the christmas tree stain, the endospores are ________ and the vegetative cells are colored ________

Back 34

Green

Red

Front 35

Define the term Vegetative cell.

Back 35

Active replicating cells

Front 36

Define the term Sporogenesis.

Back 36

Formation of Endospores

Front 37

Define the term Germination.

Back 37

An endospore reverts back to a vegetative cell

Front 38

Why are endospores considered the most resistant life form known?

Back 38

Resistant to many abx, disinfectants, radiation, boiling drying.

Dormant

Front 39

List 5 medically important endospore- producing bacteria and their associated disease.

Back 39

Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax

Clostridium botulinum: Botulism

Clostridium difficile: enterocolitis

Clostridium perfringens: food poisoning

Clostridium tetani: lockjaw

Front 40

What is the difference between a positive stain and a negative stain?

Back 40

A positive stain, stains what you want to see. A negative stains everything except what you want to see.

Front 41

Explain why Nigrosin and India ink are commonly used in negative stains.

Back 41

They are acidic negative dyes that are repelled by the acid contents of the bacterial cell.

Front 42

State 2 advantages of using a negative stain versus a positive stain.

Back 42

No heat fix

Can visualize the capsule stain

Front 43

Differentiate between a capsule and a slime layer.

Back 43

Slmie layer is loosely bound to underlying cell wall.
Capsule is tightly bound to underlying cell wall

Front 44

State 3 ways a capsule contributes to the virulence of a bacteria.

Back 44

Decreases phagocytosis. The capsule is sticky and helps bacteria attach to skin and mucous membranes. Some bacteria can metabolize their capsules as a energy source.

Front 45

State 2 differences between the smear preparation for a Gram stain and a Capsule stain.

Back 45

Do not heat fix and do not rinse with water

Front 46

Using Anthony's stain, the background will be colored________ and the capsule will be colored _________

Back 46

Dark Blue

Light blue to white

Front 47

Name the 2 major types of microscopes that have been developed and name one difference between these 2 types of microscopes.

Back 47

Compound microscope: uses light

Electron Microscope: uses high energy electrons

Front 48

List the 4 examples of compound microscopes and bold the example you will use in lab.

Back 48

Phase Contrast

Brightfield*

darkfield

Fluorescent

Front 49

Define magnification

Back 49

Is the ability of the microscope to enlarge an object

Front 50

Name the two magnifying lenses in a compound microscope.

Back 50

Objective lens and ocular lens

Front 51

List the common names and the magnification of the four objectives you will use in this lab.

Back 51

Scanning objective: (4x)

Low power objective (10x)

High-dry objective (40x)

Oil immersion Objective (100x)

Front 52

How is the total magnification of an object calculated.

Back 52

Obective lens x ocular lens

Front 53

State the two factors that determine how well an object can be seen with a microscope.

Back 53

Magnification

Resolving power

Front 54

Front 55

Front 56

Front 57

What does the iris diaphragm do?

Back 57

Controls how much light is allowed through.

Front 58

Front 59

What does the condenser do?

Back 59

Concentrates the light beam onto the specimen.

Front 60

Define pure culture.

Back 60

Isolation of a single species of a microbe

Front 61

Define a colony.

Back 61

each cell reproduces many times and produces a colony.

Front 62

Define Media .

Back 62

Nutrient material suitable for the cultivation of microorganisms

Front 63

Define inoculum.

Back 63

Sampling of a bacteria culture.

Front 64

Define turbidity.

Back 64

Cloudiness in a broth culture.

Front 65

State 3 ways lab media can become contaminated and think of aseptic techniques that can be used to prevent that type of contamination.

Back 65

1. Exposing the media to air

2. Inoculating loop that has been insufficiently sterilized

3. Coughing/sneezing

Front 66

Describe all the steps to label a test tube.

Back 66

Do not write on the test tube. Write on the labeling tape. Write your name, name of the bacteria.

Front 67

Describe all the steps to label a Petri Plate.

Back 67

Label the bottom of the petri plate with name, bacteria.

Front 68

Describe all the steps to incubate a petri plate.

Back 68

Stack the plate upside down (lidside down) in the class tray to be incubated.

Front 69

Why are basic dyes used in the gram stain?

Back 69

Basic dyes are positively charged and attracted to negative charged bacteria.

Front 70

State two differences between a simple and differential stain.

Back 70

Simple: Uses only on color

Differential: Uses 2 colors to determine size, shape, arrangement and something else.

Front 71

Explain the importance of using a pinpoint amount of inoculum for the smear preparation.

Back 71

1 pinpoint = a million microbes, so too many will make decolorization unlikely.

Front 72

Explain the importance of allowing the smear to air dry.

Back 72

TO make sure the microbes are not disorted.

Front 73

Explain the importance of decolorizing the smears one at a time.

Back 73

Because if you do it too long Gram + will look Gram -. If you do it too short, Gram- will look Gram +.

Front 74

Which Gene allows Jellyfish to glow in the dark

Back 74

GFP

Front 75

Define Competent cells.

Back 75

Able to pick up DNA from its environment

Front 76

What laboratory procedures are done to encourage cells to become competent.

Back 76

By mixing the cells with calcium chloride during their growth phase and by exposing them to extreme temperature changes.

Front 77

What is the relationship between a gene and protein?

Back 77

Gene is a segment of DNA which codes for or provides the instructions for making a protein. The protein gives an organism a particular trait

Front 78

Compare and contrast chromosomal DNA and plasmid

Back 78

Chromosomal DNA: Carries genes needed for the hereditary characteristics that are essential for bacterial growth and reproduction.

Plasmids are small pieces of circular DNA that are separate from the chromosome and replicate independently.

Front 79

List the genes contained in the pGLO plasmid.

Back 79

BLA gene

Ara-C

GFP

Front 80

How is the expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein gene regulated?

Back 80

GRA -C repressor protein blocks transcription and translation of GFP. If you add arabinose to the media you move the ARA-C repressor protein out of the way so GFP can be transmitted and translated

Front 81

Describe the protein encoded in the pGLOW genes.

Back 81

Beta-lactamase

Ara-c Repressor protein

Fluorescent Protein

Front 82

Define Antibiotic

Back 82

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that, in small quantities, can inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

Front 83

Define MIC

Back 83

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Determines the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that is able to inhibit the growth of a test organism.

Front 84

Define E-test

Back 84

An E test is a combination of the principles involved in the MIC and Kirby Bauer tests.

Front 85

What are the disadvantages to using a broad spectrum antibiotic

Back 85

They are contributing to the escalating drug resistance.
They often wipe out a persons normal flora as well as the pathogen they are intended to kill, resulting in superinfections

Front 86

List 8 factors that must be controlled in order to standardized the Kirby-bauer test.

Back 86

Stability of the antibiotic
Rate of diffusion of the antibiotic

Concentration of the antibiotic
the pH of the culture medium
depth of the culture medium
inoculum density
incubation time
incubation temperature

Front 87

What does the antibiotic test result "sensitive" indicate about the test organism?

Back 87

It means that the antibiotic is effective against the pathogen

Front 88

What is the difference between a disinfectant and antiseptic?

Back 88

Disinfectant: Destruction of pathogens on inanimate objects

Antiseptic:It should be able to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on living tissue in an attempt to prevent infection.

Front 89

Back 89

Gram -

Cocci

Front 90

Back 90

Gram +

streptococci

Front 91

Back 91

Gram -

Diplococci

Front 92

Back 92

Gram +

Bacilli

Front 93

Back 93

Gram +

Cocci

Front 94

Back 94

Gram -

Bacilli

Front 95

Back 95

Acid Fast Stain - Kinyoun Method

Front 96

Back 96

Acid Fast Stain - Kinyoun Method.

Front 97

Back 97

Acid Fast Stain

Front 98

Back 98

Acid Fast Stain-Kinyoun Method- Mycobacterium smegmatus and Staphylococcus epidermis.

Front 99

Back 99

Endospore stain- Bacillus subtilis

Front 100

Back 100

Endospore Stain- Endospores and vegetative spores

Front 101

Back 101

Negative or Capsule Stain

Front 102

Back 102

Negative or Capsule Stain

Front 103

Back 103

Negative or Capsule Stain

Front 104

Back 104

Acquiring Bioluminescence by Transformation- pGLO

Front 105

Back 105

Acquiring Bioluminescence by Transformation- pGLO plasmid

Front 106

Back 106

Aseptic Transfer and IsolationStreak Plate

Front 107

Back 107

Aspetic Transfer and IsolationStreak Plate