Microbiology

Front 1

Define Capsid.

Back 1

Protein coat in a virus that covers the nucleic acid, DNA or RNA.

Front 2

Define Mutation.

Back 2

An error in DNA sequencing.

Front 3

Define Mutagen.

Back 3

Something that causes a mutation, e.g. UV rays, chemicals, X-rays, drugs.

Front 4

Define Mutagenesis.

Back 4

Causing a mutation deliberately.

Front 5

Define Codon.

Back 5

3 bases together that code for an amino acid.

Front 6

Define Anti-codon.

Back 6

found on tRNA, 3 bases that match up with the codon.

Front 7

Define Intron.

Back 7

non-coding parts of the message that are removed by RNA splicing.

Front 8

Define Exon.

Back 8

Coding regions that are left after RNA splicing.

Front 9

Define Transcription.

Back 9

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Front 10

Define Translation.

Back 10

The process of synthesizing protein from a mRNA template.

Front 11

Define Retrovirus.

Back 11

A virus that contains RNA.

Front 12

Describe the Lytic Cycle.

Back 12

1. virus attaches to cell. 2. virus injects its DNA or RNA. 3. virus uses cell's own machinery to replicate. 4. host cell lyses (bursts).

Front 13

Describe Lysogenic Cycle.

Back 13

Involves no destruction of the host cell; the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's. Ex: HIV.

Front 14

Define Central Dogma.

Back 14

An explanation of the flow of genetic information; Start with DNA -> RNA -> Protein.

Front 15

What are the different types of Mutations?

Back 15

1. Nucleotide substitutions (silent [no protein change]/missense mutation [protein change that leads to disease]).

2. Frameshift mutations (an insertion/deletion which leads to the shifting of the reading frame)

3. Nonsense mutations (changing codon into a stop codon)

Front 16

Define Cloning.

Back 16

Used to make identical copies of a gene or protein.

Front 17

Define Recombinant DNA.

Back 17

Combined DNA sequences from 2 or more sources.

Front 18

Define Restriction Enzyme.

Back 18

specialized enzymes that go in a cut a DNA sequence at specific points for a specific pattern.

Front 19

Define PCR.

Back 19

Polymerase Chain Reaction.

a way to amplify DNA so you get a sample that you can work with.

Front 20

How is something cloned?

Back 20

A donor cell is taken

An adult egg cell is taken w/ nucleus removed

The two cells are fused by shocking

The fused cell begins dividing normally

Embryo is placed in the foster mother's uterus

Embryo develops normally into a clone

Front 21

What is PCR? Why is it useful?

Back 21

PCR is a method used to amplify DNA and is useful in DNA analyzing, such as for Paternity tests.

Front 22

What is DNA Fingerprinting and how is it done?

Back 22

It is the analysis of DNA in order to identify individuals, which is completely unique to the individual (99.99999999% accurate). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are small variations that can be used in ID.

Front 23

What is the Human Genome Project? Where are we with the results?

Back 23

It is the entire genetic makeup of an organism. Protein sequencing is where we are at.

Front 24

Define Pathogen.

Back 24

anything that causes disease.

Front 25

Define Biocide.

Back 25

Germicide

something that kills germs.

Front 26

Define Bactericide.

Back 26

Antibacterial

a chemical that kills bacteria on inanimate objects.

Front 27

Define Antiseptic.

Back 27

Antisepsis

kills vegetative growth in living tissue, e.g. athlete's foot.

Front 28

Define Disinfectant.

Back 28

kills vegetative growth.

Front 29

Define Sanitation.

Back 29

lowering microbial growth on eating surfaces.

Front 30

Define Prion.

Back 30

infectious proteins, e.g. mad cow disease.

Front 31

Define Endospores.

Back 31

a form that a microbe can assume when environmental pressures stress the organism. They are tough and dormant.

Front 32

Define TDP.

Back 32

Thermal Death Point.

lowest temperature which kills ALL microbes in 10 minutes.

Front 33

Define TDT.

Back 33

Thermal Death Time.

minimal time to kill all bacteria at a specific temperature.

Front 34

Physical means to control microbial growth.

Back 34

(measured by rate of death) includes:

Heat, TDP, TDT,

Boiling (Wet heat; not too reliable),

Autoclaving, Pasteurization, Flaming,

hot air sterilization, low temp., osmotic pressure, radiation, desiccation, filtration, pressure

Front 35

How to measure effectiveness of a disinfectant.

Back 35

1. Dilution test: bacteria grown from a culture are dried and left. Then put into disinfectant for 10 min. @ room temp. Then re-cultured in broth - How many survived?

2. Disk diffusion: filter paper is soaked with disinfectant and is put on an agar plate w/ bacterial culture. look for zone of inhibition.

Front 36

What physical characteristics of a microbe affects its response to an antimicrobial agent?

Back 36

-Gram+ is more affected than Gram- bc Gram- have a lipopolysaccharide layer.

-Mycobacterium: hard to kill due to waxy component in cell wall (TB).

-Viruses: biocides will work on viruses w/ envelope

-Prions: success w/ incineration and some w/ proteases.

Front 37

What are Gram- microbes more resistant to antimicrobial agents?

Back 37

Bc they have a lipopolysaccharide layer.

Front 38

What are the 6 types of antimicrobial agents and be able to cite examples of given.

Back 38

1. Phenolics: lysol, hexachlorophene, triclosan

2. Halogens: iodine (betadine), chlorine (pool water)

3. alcohols: denatures proteins; no good on endospores.

4. Heavy metals: Ag, Cu, Hg; oligodynamic action; silver nitrate

5. Food preservatives: sodium nitrate/trite

6. Aldehydes: formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde.

Front 39

Define Photoautotroph.

Back 39

an organism that makes its own food using radiant energy.

Front 40

Define Chemotroph.

Back 40

Chemoautotrophs.

an organism that makes its own food using chemicals through chemosynthesis, e.g. archaebacteria.

Front 41

Define Photoheterotroph.

Back 41

an organism that can makes its own food and go get it, e.g. euglena.

Front 42

Define Catabolic Reaction.

Back 42

exergonic (releases energy)

breaks big molecules into smaller ones (hydrolysis); provides building blocks for anabolic reactions.

Front 43

Define Anabolic Reaction.

Back 43

endergonic (uses energy)

synthesizes bigger molecules from smaller ones (dehydration synthesis).

Front 44

Define Metabolism.

Back 44

the sum total of biochemical reactions in the body (catabolic/anabolic).

Front 45

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Respiration.

Back 45

-Aerobic Respiration: uses oxygen; produces 32 ATP; used by most organisms.

-Anaerobic Respiration: uses no oxygen; much less efficient; produces 2 ATP; can produce alcohol (fermentation) or lactic acid; done by yeast, bacteria, humans.

Front 46

Competitive vs. Non-competitive Inhibitors.

Back 46

-Competitive inhibitors: fills the active site so substrate cannot attach; can be reversible or not; ex: sulfa drugs.

-Non-competitive inhibitors: interact w/ enzymes that changes the shape of the active site; can be reversible or not; ex: cyanide *can cause inhibition of feedback inhibition, which prevents overproduction of a product

Front 47

Biological testing for identification.

Back 47

Everything that a living organism does is the result of the activity of an enzyme, the summation of the activities of all an organism's enzymes equals its Biological Fingerprint. By determining which enzymes are present in an unknown organism, one can describe and identify that organism.