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160 Cards in this Set
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What are the original two kingdoms
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animalia and planta
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was organized and compiled by Carl Linnaeus
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Who is Carl Linnaeus
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He is the Father of Taxonomy
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from 1734 to 1758
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Who proposed the Three Kingdom system
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Protista Animalia Plantae Earnst H haeckel
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he included all microorganisms regardless of size and shape
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He proposed the 4 kingdom system
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Who is Herbert F Copeland
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this was in 1927 adding the Monera system
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RH Whittaker Proposed the
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final change to include the Five Kingdom system
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What is the Fungi system originally consisted of
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non photosynthetic organisms
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absorbed organic nutrients from the environment like bacteria
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What else do fungi do that separate them from the plants
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they are heterotrophs
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OXYGENIC PHOTSYTNTHESIS
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process by which 3 kingdoms carry out
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Planta Protista and Monera
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Animalia
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Animal
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Linnaeus
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Plants
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Plants
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Linnaeus
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Fungi
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Mushrooms Yeast and Molds
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Whittaker
Yeast and Molds are Microscopic |
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Protista
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Seaweed Algae and Protozoa
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Monera
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Bacteria CyanoBacteria or Blue Green Algae
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currently also include the archaeabacteria
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Oxygenic Photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H20----->Glucose and 6O2
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Viruses were originally included in the Kingdom Monera But now
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They are not because they are not living entities
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Fungi and Protists are Eukaryotes
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Monera is a Prokaryotes
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Living world includes
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Animals Plants and Protists
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protists
(heterogeneous) group of microorganisms are split into ...... |
higher protists and lower protists depending on their level of evolution
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Higher level evolved cells include
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Protozoa fungi and algae
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lower protists include
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Blue Green Algae
Bacteria |
Bacteria like Rickettsia
Chamydia Mycoplasma Actinomycetes |
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Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes are smaller and older
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Prokaryotes are like
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bacteria or Eubacteria
Archaebacteria and Cyanobactera |
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Eukaryotes are like
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Protozoa
Fungi Algae |
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Process of endosymbiosis includes which 2 organelles
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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
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Bacteriology is
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the study of bacteria
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mycology is
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the study of fungi yeasts and molds
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Mushrooms are included in the study of
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mycology as well as actinomycetes
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Phycology is also knosn as
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algology the study of eukaryotic algae
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also cynobacteria or the blue green algae
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virology
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is the study of viruses and phages
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Why is rickettsia and Chlamydia included in the viruses
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because they need living host cells for infection and reproduction
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Ricketssisa area a group of
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clinically similar diseases caused by closely related ricketssia
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transmitted by hard ticks which are widely distributed throughout the world
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ricketssia are
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obligate intracellular parasites like virusus yet are cellular in nature and divide by binary fission
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are commonly associated and found intracellularly in incests
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ricketssia cause diseases like
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Typhus
rockymountain spotted fever and Q fever |
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chlamydia
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another subclass of small obligate intracellular parasites like viruses
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chlamydiae were once classified as
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large viruses but were found to be a cellular entity of energy parasites that could not synthesize high energy compounds
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LVPT
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Lymphogranuloma Venerum PSittacosis and Tracoma
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PARROT FEVER
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Bacteria
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free living
unicellular reporduce by binary fission or cloning or budding |
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Bacillus
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rod shaped cells or bacillus
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vibrios
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comma shapped curved rods
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form of bacteria
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shpericall shaped
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cocci or coccus singular
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many varieties of cocci
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micro
diplo strepto staphylo |
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spirrilum
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spiral shaped forms or spirochaetes
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protozoology
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study of protozoa emphasis on non pathogenic varieties
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parasitology
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disease producing protozoas
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plasmodial parasite
amebic dysentery also includes multicellular parsitic organisms like worms and flukes |
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immunology aka
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serology
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immunology/serology
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study of hosts resistance to infections agents or to the implant of foerign material
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such as organ transplants
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epidemeology
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study of how infections are transmitted among a susceptive populations
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the primary agencis involved in the studying
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CDC and the THD in austin
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chemotherapy is the study of
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how chemical agents might control inhibit or kill pathogenic microorganisms in host causing infection
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oncology
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study of cancer
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what is compound 606
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the magic bullet
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magic bullet creator
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Paul Ehrlich intended for the "death of syphilis"
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Magic bullet arenic properties?
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he found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis
textile industry dyes were the derivative vecause the dues synthesized and manufactured for fabrics |
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Sulfa creator
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Paul erlich
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Penicillin creator
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alexander fleming
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KOCH aka Cock
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really not that great
found ways to discover anthrax and tb |
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what is foamite
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foamite an inanimate object that can harvest or harbor microorganisms
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what is an organic compound
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carbon and hydrogen are key componenets
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mold and yeasts cause diseases like
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athletes foot
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also known as mycotic infections
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do all algae carry out photosynthesis?
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yes
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Sapophytes grow on
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dead organic matter
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bacteriology is
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the class of origin and bacteria which cause disease
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Robert Koch
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He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the cholera vibrio (1883)
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KOCH postulate 1
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microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms.
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gotta be somthing
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KOCH postulate 2
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The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
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vermin can be found from the verminized
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KOCH postulate 3
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The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
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gotta do something
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KOCH postulate 4
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The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
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can be found after the crime
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Ian lewis
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works at UH and one of the pioneers of the microbiological movement.
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UH early 1900's
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obligate intracellular parasites
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viruses
require the machinery of a living cell in order to replicate themselves |
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ricin found to
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attach rabies
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immunology
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study of the host resistant to infection
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what is overall immunity
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physical barriers
innate and acquired/adaptive |
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Physical barriers are like
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Skin and Mucus
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Innate immunity is like
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macrophages
complement natural killer cells |
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Acquired are like
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Humoral
B-cells aka antibodies acquired adaptive cell mediated aka T- cells |
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who said " We live in the age of bacteria as it was in the beginning now and ever shall be"
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Stephen Jay Gould
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Who is Stephen Jay gould
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wrote prophet for the earth
contemporary commentator on the significance of evolution in the diversity of life as it exists today |
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Stephen jay gould stated that this is the age of
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bacteria - bacteria have always been dominanat nvever altered in 3.5 billion yearsthis is a bacterial planet
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what is the oldest known life form that currently exist
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bacteria
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big bang occured
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13.7 million years ago
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where was the oldest datable rock found
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greenland and it was 3.8 billion years ago
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eukaryotic cells arose from a
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divergent prokaryotic lines by endosymbiotic processses that occured over an extended period that took about 2 billion years
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what is the cambrian explosion
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aka metazoan embryogenesis occured about 0.5 billion years ago
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what is punctuated evolution
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this is where the large and extensive appearance of small invertebrate marine life suddenly arose
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prokaryotes include
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bacteria
eubacteria cyanobacteria and arcaheabacteria |
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first life forms on earth were
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microfossisls of cyanobacteria still remain
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what is lateral gene transfer
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chief molecular innovators are where genetic element transfer between cells
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prokaryotes include different metabolic diversity such as
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heteroprophic autotrophic and phtotrophic ability
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the oldest known fossil are in
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swaziland south africa of biological cluster
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earliest signs of eukaryotic life
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900million years ago in bitter springs
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900 million years ago in bitter springs
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this was where the eukaryotic cells division of mitosis
earliest fossilized |
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heirarchal scheme for classification
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kingdom
phylum class order family tribe genus species variant |
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kingdom
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represents a group of related phyla or division
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class
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group related of related orders also parts
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family
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group of related tribes
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tribes
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group of related genera
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genus
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group of related species
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species
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the distinct kind of organism
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variant
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also strain or subspecies represents a group of the same species but having small differences
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heirachial taxonomic schemes of the kingdom animalia
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Kingdom: animalia
Phylum: vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Homonid Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Variant: Dashund or greyhound |
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Carl Linnaeus
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2 kingdom system
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father of taxonomy
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microbes were discovered by
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Antoine Van Leeuenhoek by using his own manufactured lens having 300x power
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Leeuenhoek described living microscopic creatures as
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animalia and infusoria
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Linnaeus could only classify some of the larger "animacules"
the rest were placed in |
Chaos infusorium
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what is Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bactgeriology
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First accepted and widely used classification system in the usa for bacteria
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16S and 18S rRNA molecues
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these are the 2 subunits that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are broken down into
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these Svedberg units indicate the shape and the mass for the ribosomal subunit
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Kingdome fungi are more closely related to animals than plants
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TRUE
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Bacteria include
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chloroflexus
purple bacteria chloroplast cyanobacteria flavobacteria thermotogales aquifex |
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archea include
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halophiles
methanothermus Methanococcus Thermoproteus Pyrodictium Thermococcus |
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Eukarya include
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Animals
Fungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichonomads Microsporidia slime molds diatoms entoamoebae |
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the bacteria
archaea and eukarya are related by what common ancestor |
LUCA
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Last unknown common ancestor
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the order of evolution for bacteria archaea and eukarya
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prebiotic soups
RNA world Dna genomes then LUCA |
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staphyloccoci are
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sherical shaped bacteria in grape like cluster
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streptococci
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spherical shaped bacteria growing in chains
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tetrads
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spherical shaped bacteria in a group of four
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Sarcina
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dice cube of bacteria spherically shaped growing in groups of eight
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neisseria
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coffee bean shaped bacteria
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monotrichous
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rod shaped with polar flagella
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multi flagella NON polar
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peritrichous
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rod shaped with multipolar
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lophotrichous
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VIBRIO
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comma or bent rod shaped bacteria
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spirochetes
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flexible spiral shaped bacteria
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spirillum
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makes it a rigid spiral shaped bacterium
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mycelia
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found in bacteria called actinomycetes
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shperical shaped spores
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the spores if shaped spherically
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are called conidia
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mycelia are commonly found in
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molds
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hyphae or mycellium
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these are hairlike protrusions in molds
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filamentous bacteria have trichome
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which is when the bacterium is surrounded by a sheath
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endospores
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a specialized structure
allows it to beresistant to heat and drying |
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what is dessication
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drying
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the position of a spore may be
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central
terminal subterminal |
id's bactera of th genre bacillus clostridium
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what are the Spore Forming Bacteria
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Bacillus
Clostridium Sporolactobacillus desulfotomaculum sporosarcina |
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bacillus
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aerobic
rod shaped find in air soil and water |
major pathogen is _______ anthracis
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clostridium
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anaerobic
rod shaped bacterium soil |
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clostridium major pathogens include
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C. tetanus
C. perfingens - gangrene C. Botulism deadly food poisoning in can food |
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sporolactobacillus
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lactic acid producing
fermenting rod shaped |
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desulfotomaculum
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a rod shaped
anaerobic sulfate respiration sulfate reducing bacterium |
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sporosarcina
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sperical shapes
sporeforming cocci packet of 8 in a cube this is sarcina |
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motility in bacteria
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has a main active locomotor organelle called flagella
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how do bacteria move if there is no flagella
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gliding bacteria and spirochetes
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Brownian Movement
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in honor of the botanist Robert Brown) is either the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, often called a Wiener process.
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Classification is
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a form of organization which divides the organisms into taxonomic groups based on physical things
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identification
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is it described and classified
or is it unidentified |
thats what you have to determine
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how to ID
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name according to the nomenclature
placed into a taxon or eisting class system |
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nomenclature
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is the process of naming the new bacterialisolate or microorganism
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there no classification of bacteria document not even
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bergey's that is recognized by all microbios
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binomial nomenclature
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Latin or latinized greek
the genus name then then then the species name always underlined or italicized |
genus always capitalized
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FIND THE TREND
diplococcus pneumonia |
cocci in pairs - pneumonia
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FIND THE TREND
straphylococci aureus |
grapelike golden clusters
colden color colonies |
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FIND THE TREND
Streptococcus pyogenes |
cocci in chains
forming pus |
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anything coccus
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means cocci shaped
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pnuemonia
aureus- golden cluster |
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pyogenes
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makes pus ewww
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roseus
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red colored colonies
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.
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clostridium
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anaerobic spore forming bacterium rod shaped
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Prokaryotes?
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unicellular organissms
cyanobacteria rigid cell walls cellular filamentous entities or actual mycelial forms |
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prokaryotes exist as single occuring freeliving cells
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simple associations
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prokaryotes are asexual
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divide by binary fission
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prokaryotes lack a
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nuclear membrane
that means a single chromosome composed of pure double stranded dna fibril |
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WHO has 70s ribosomes
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Prokaryotes
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whos got the 80s ribosomes
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Eukaryotes
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