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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amino Acid capsule (not polysaccharide)
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Bacillus anthracis, capsule contains D-glutamate
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Organisms with IgA Proteases
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S. pneumo, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae
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Gram positive organism with endotoxin
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Listeria mono.
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Bacteria that don't gram stain well
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Treponema pallidum (too thin to be visualized, need darkfield microscopy of IF)
Rickettsia (obligate IC, technically grm - rod, sz of large virus) Chlamydia (obligate IC, technically grm - rod/coccoid, sz of large virus, has inner/outer membrane but no muramic acid in cell wall and no PG layer) Legionella (primarily IC, grm - rod, see best with Silver Stain) Mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall, Acid Fast) Mycoplamsa (no cell wall, really tiny) |
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Exotoxins - Superantigens
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Activate large # T cells by binding MHC II and TCR, stim IFNg and IL-2
-Staph aureus (TSST-1 causing TSS, Enterotoxin causing food poisoning -Strep pyogenes (Erthrogenic toxin causing TSS-like, Scarlet fever |
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Exotoxins - ADP ribosylating A-B toxins
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Interfere with host cell function, Binding and Active component, A component attaches ADP-ribosyl to host cell protein and alters function.
-Corynebacterium diptheriae (ADP rib. EF2, inactivates it, inhibiting mRNA translation, prot synthesis; pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat) -Vibrio cholerae (ADPrib of Gprot --> incr. cAMP, incr. NACL secretion, decr. NaCL reabs, RICE WATER DIARRHEA) -E. coli (Heat-labile incr. cAMP like cholera -->watery diarrhea, heat-stable incr. cGMP) -Bordella pertussis (incr. cAMP, causes WHOOPING COUGH, impaired phagocytosis and chemotaxis, tracheal cytotoxin damages resp epith) |
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Exotoxins - others
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-Clostridium perfringens, tetani, botulinum
-Bacillus anthracis -Shigella -Strep pyog |
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Exotoxins - clostridium perfringens
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alpha toxin is lecinthinase, causes cell death, GAS GANGRENE, double zone of hemolysis blood agar
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Exotoxins - clostridium tetani
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Inhibits glycine release, NO INHIBITION of neurons, spastic paralysis/lockjaw
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Exotoxins - clostridium botulinum
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Inhibits ACh release, blocking NMJ, anticholinergix symps and flaccid paralysis (esp CNs), found in canned food and honey, FLOPPY BABY
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Exotoxins - bacillus anthracis
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Toxin complex, one is an adenylate cyclase, edema factor and lethal factor (zinc metalloprotease that causes macs to release TNFa and IL1b)
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Exotoxins - Shigella
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Shiga toxin, also produced by E. coli 0157:H7, inhibits prot synth by cleaving host cell rRNA, enhances cytokine release, kills absorptive intestinal epith --> BLOODY DIARRHEA, also causes HUS
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Exotoxins - Strep pyog
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Streptolysin O - a hemolysin, the antigen for the ASO antibody in rheumatic fever
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Sugar fermentation of Neisseria
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Meningococci ferment Maltose and Glucose, Gonococci ferment just Glucose
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Bacteria producing yellow pigment
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Staph aureus
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Bacteria producing a blue-green pigment
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Bacteria producing a red pigment
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Serratia marcenscens (like maraschino cherries)
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Gram positive rods
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Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Bacillus
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Gram positive cocci
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Staph and Strep
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Catalase positive gram positive cocci
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Staphylococcus
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Gram positive cocci in clusters
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Staphylococcus
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Catalase negative gram positive cocci
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Streptococcus
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Gram positive cocci in chains
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Streptococcus
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Gram positive, catalase positive, coagulase positive
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Staph aureus
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Gram posititive, catalase positive, coagulase negative
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s. epidermidis (novobiocin sensitive), s. saprophyticus (noboviocin resistant)
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Gram positive, catalase negative, green (partial hemolysis)
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Alpha hemolytic strep (strep pneumo and viridans)
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Gm pos, Cat neg, alpha hemolytic (green/partial hemolysis), optochin sensitive and bile soluble
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Strep pneumo - capsule (positive quellung)
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Gm pos, Cat neg, alpha hemolytic (green/partial hemolysis), optochin resistant and not bile soluble
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Viridans Streptococci (eg strep mutans) - no capsule
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Gram positive, catalase negative, clear hemolysis
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Beta hemolytic strep - Group A (S. pyogenes), and Group B (s. agalactiae
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Beta hemolytic, Group A strep
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S. pyogenes, bacitracin sensitive
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Beta hemolytic, Group B strep
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S. agalactiae, bacitracin resistant
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Gram positive, catalase negative, no hemolysis
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Gamma hemolytic (or alpha) - Enterococcus and Peptostreptococcus
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Gram Negative cocci
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Neisseria (diplococci)
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Gram negative cocci, maltose fermenter
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n. meningitidis
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gram negative cocci, maltose nonfermenter
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n. gonorrhoeae
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Gram negative "coccoid" rods
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Haemophilus influenze, pasteurella, brucella, bordella pertussis
(also rickettsia but too small to see, obligate IC) |
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Associated with animal bites
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Pasteurella - gram neg coccoid rod
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Associated with unpasteurized dairy products
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Brucella - brucellosis, gram neg coccoid rod
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Causes whooping cough
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Bordetella pertussis - gm neg coccoid rod
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Gram negative rods
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SO MANY! Klebsiella, E.coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas are major ones.
Also enterbacter, citrobacter, serratia, others also legionella (primarily IC, silver stain), and chlamydia (IC, very small, giemsa stain) |
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Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
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H. influenzae
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Thayer-Martin media
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N. gonorrhoeae - get gonorrhea on thayer st!
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Bordet-Gengou (potato agar)
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Bordella pertussis
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Tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar
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Coryne. diphtheriae
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar
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M. tuberculosis
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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
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lactose fermenting enterics
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Charcoal yeast extract buffered with increased iron and cysteine
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Legionella
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Sabouraud's agar
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Fungi
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Gram negative nods, lactose fermenters
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Klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia, others
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Gram negative rods, slow lactose fermenters
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Citrobacter, serratia, others
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Gram negative rods, fast lactose fermenters
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Klebsiella, e. coli, enterbacter
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Gram negative rods, lactose nonfermenters
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Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas
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Gram negative rods, oxidase negative
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Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus
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Gram negative rods, oxidase positive
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Pseudomonas
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Media for h. flu?
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Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
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Media for n. gonorrhoeae?
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Thayer-Martin media
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Media for b. pertussis?
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Bordet-Gengou potato agar
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Media for C. diphtheriae?
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Tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar
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Media for m. tuberculosis?
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar
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Media for lactose fermenting enterics?
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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
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Media for legionella?
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Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine
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Media for fungi?
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Sabouraud's agar
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Congo red stain is used for:
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Amyloid; apple-green birefringence in polarized light (because of beta pleated sheets)
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Giemsa's stain is used for:
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Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia
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PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) is used for:
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Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; used to diagnose Whipple's disease
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Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used for:
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Acid-fast bacteria (like mycobacteria)
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India ink stain is used for:
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Silver stain is used for:
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Fungi, PCP, Legionella
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What stain is used for amyloid?
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Congo red
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What stain is used for borrelia?
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Giemsa's
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What stain is used for plasmodium?
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Giemsa's
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What stain is used for trypanosomes?
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Giemsa's
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What stain is used for chlamydia?
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Giemsa's
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What stain is used for glycogen mucopolysaccharides?
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PAS
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What stain is used to diagnose Whipple's disease?
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PAS
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What stain is used for acid fast bacteria?
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Ziehl-Neelsen
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What stain is used for cryptococcus?
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India Ink
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What stain is used for fungi?
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Silver stain
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What stain is used for PCP?
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silver stain
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What stain is used for legionella?
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Silver stain
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Lysogeny is:
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genetic code for a bacterial toxin encoded in a lysogenic phage
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What are some lysogenic toxins?
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botulinum, cholera, diphtheria, and erythrogenic (from strep pyog) toxins
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Obligate aerobes
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Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus
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What area of the lungs does m. TB have a predilection for?
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Apices, because highest PO2
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Associated with burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonias in cystic fibrosis
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Pseudomonas
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Obligate anaerobes
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Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces. Lack catalase and superoxide dismutase, so susceptible to oxidative damage
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Foul-smelling and difficult to culture bacteria
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Anaerobes! clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces
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Obligate intracellular bacteria
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Rickettsia, chlamydia - can't make own ATP, both sz of large viruses and gram negative but don't stain
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Facultative intracellular bacteria
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Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia
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Encapsulated bacteria
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strep pneumo, h. flu (especially B serotype), n. meningitidis, klebsiella pneumo
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Quellung reaction
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If encapsulated bug is present, capsule SWELLS when speficif anticapsular antisera are added
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Which bacteria can form spores?
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Bacillus anthracis, clostridium perfringens, c. tetani (gram positive soil bugs)
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Alpha hemolytic bacteria?
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show partial hemolysis (green)
1)Strep pneumo (catalase negative and optochin sensitive) 2)Viridans streptococci (catalase negative and optochin resistant) |
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Beta hemolytic bacteria?
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show complete hemolysis (clear)
1. Staph aureus (catalase and coagulase positive) 2. Strep pyogenes (catalase negative and bacitracin sensitive) 3. Strep agalactiae (catalase negative and bacitracin resistant) 4. Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling mobility, meningitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk) |
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What does the Ixodes tick transmit?
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-Borrelia burgdorferi (a spirochete, causes Lyme disease)
-Babesia microti (a sporozoan parasite related to plasmodium) -Ehrlichia (related to the rickettsiae) |
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What is the action of potassium clavulanate?
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Inhibits beta-lactamases -- it's added to amoxicillin, which is a beta-lactam (making Augmentin).
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Most common cause of infections involving prosthetic devices and catheters?
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Staph epidermidis - produces a Biofilm that alters surface tension of liquids around it, can adhere to surfaces too slippery for other organisms (even Teflon!)
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What is the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance in pseudomonas infection?
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Mutation of a porin protein (restricts the flow of antibiotic into the cell)
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What test do you use to confirm candida?
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Germ tube test - demonstration of pseudohypha formation in animal serum
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What is the CAMP test used for?
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To identify a partial hemolytic agent produced by strep agalactiae (grp B strep). This test is used to distinguish between grp A and B strep along with bacitracin sensitivity
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Which organisms produce urease?
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h. pylori, proteus, ureaplasma, nocardia, cryptococcus
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Amphotericin B's mechanism of action
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Binding to the sterols in the fungal cell membrane
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