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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell wall
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-algae and fungi
-chitin, cellulose, glycans |
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cell membrane
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-phospholipid bilayer with proteins
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nucleus
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-linear dna wrapped around protein (histone)
-nucleolus -envelope |
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nucleolus
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-area of assembling robosomal subunits
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envelope
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-2 layers of membrane
-pores |
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haploid
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-one set of chromosomes
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diploid
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-two sets of chromosomes
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ER
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-RER and SER
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RER
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-membranous structure with ribosomes attached
-protein synthesis for export |
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SER
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-membranous structure without ribsomes
-lipid synthesis |
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golgi
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-stack of membranous sacs
-packaging and transport |
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lysosome
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-vesicles with digestive enzymes
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mitochondria
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-outer folded inner membrane
-inner membrane holds enzymes and electron carriers |
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ribosome
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-rRNA+protein
-subunits: 60S and 40S -whole ribosome is 80S -protein synthesis |
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cytoskeleton
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-network of fibers that support cell shape
-transport organelles to other cell components -can be active in motion |
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fungi
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-wall contains chitin
-ergosterol -simple yeasts and molds |
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yeast
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-unicellular
-macroscopic appearance as a colony -oval;larger than bacteria |
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pseudohyphae
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-yeast enlongates, buds, but does not detach
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mold
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-grow in robbon like structure called hyphae
-hyphae form web (mycelium) -some divided by cross wall (septae) -reproductive mycelium produce reproductive pores |
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saprobe
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-to obtain energy from dead matter
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sporulation
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-asexual
-parent produces sexual spores |
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sporangiospores
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-asexual
-spores develop within a sac |
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conidiospores
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-asexual
-free spores are produced at the tip of hyphae |
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arthrospores
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-asexual
-setate hyphae fragments atcross wall and cell acts as spores |
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chlamidia
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-asexual
-spherical spores surrounded by a think wall |
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zygospores
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-sexual
-spores remain attached to hyphae that fuse-->diploid zygote-->released into environment |
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ascospores
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-sexual
-a spherical sac |
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basidiospores
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-sexual
-formed on the outside of specialized club shapes spores= basidia |
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spores
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-zygomycota
-ascomycota -basidiamycota -deutermycota |
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algae
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-microscopic: protista
-component of plankton |
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medication
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-dinoflagellates
-red tide |
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protozoa
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-single celled microbes that have reproductive and physiological activities in a single cell
-ectoplasm, and endoplasm -polymorphic or defined shape -tophozoite -cyst |
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ectoplasm
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-in protozoa
-clear outer later in cytoplasm |
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endoplasm
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-cytoplasm
-granular inner layer of cytoplasm |
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trophozoite
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-protozoa
-feeding form |
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cyst
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-protozoa
-resting, dormant form |
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amoeboid protozoa/ sarcodina
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-movement
-ectoplasm pushes out to form pseudaopodia (false foot) -most arefee livig |
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ciliated protozoa/ ciliophora
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-move by the action of fine hair on the outside of the body
-balantidium coli: GI tract -free living and harmless |
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flagellated protozoa/ mastigophora
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-movement by propulsion
-most form cysts and arefree living; parasites |
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sporozoan protozoa/ apicomplexa
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-not motile (only male gametes)
-coccidiorida contain parasites -plasmodium: malaria -cryptosporidium: intestinal -toxoplasma: toxoplasmosis |
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helminthes
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-tapeworms, fluke, roundworms
-microscope must be used to ID eggs and larvae |
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Nematode/ roundworm
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-spindle shaped
-seperated sexes |
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flat worms
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-cetode/ tapeworm, trematode/ fluke
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cetode (tapeworm)
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-robbon like structure
-suckers -body divided into segments |
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trematode (fluke)
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-leaf shape
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virus
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-20-400nm
-lack protein synthesizing material -utilize host cell for reprod. -external protein coat=capsid -core nucleic acid -together=nucleocapsid |
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capsid
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-small, identical building blocks of proteins
-helical or icosahedral (20 sides and 12 corners) |
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virus interior
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-many have additional outer layer= envelope
-spikes (protein) |
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herpes
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-sherical envelope with icosohedral nucleocapsid
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mumps
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-spherical envelope with helical nucleocapsid
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viral taxonomy
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-nucleic acid shape
-capsid shape -presence or absence of envelope -host specificity |
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picornaviridae
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-hep a, polio
-ss RNA, no envelope, icosohedral envelope, animal host |
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viral invasion
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-absorption to a specific host cell receptor
-viral nucleic acid has to enter |
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recognition
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-host cell must match virus recognition site (glycoproteins)
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penetration
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-endocytosis, direct fusion, nucleic acid translocation
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endocytosis
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-penetration
-the entire virus is engulfed -enzymes digest the envelope to release the nucleocapsid |
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direct fusion
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-the envelope fuses with the cell membrane and the nucleocapsid goes into the cell
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translocation
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-penetration
-some non enveloped viruses -thecapsid adheres to cell membrane and nucleic acid is passed through the membrane into the host cells cytoplasm |
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viral uncoating
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-penetration
-in translocation -disruption of viral coat |
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pox virus
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-replicates in cytoplasm of host cell
-contains own DNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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parovirus
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-small ss DNA
-use host enzymes for biosynthetic processes |
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RNA viruses
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-RNA enters host
-cycle occurs in cytoplasm -bring messages -pos genome, neg genome, ds RNA, ss RNA (convert to ds DNA) |
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negative ss RNA
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-full length positive strand is used as a template for the viral nucleic acid
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positive ss RNA
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-polio, hep a
-RNAread directly from hosts ribosomes -viral RNA is mRNA -one product is RNA dpeendent RNA polymerase for the replication of the virus |
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ds RNA
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-these bring their own transcriptase
-one strand-->positive mRNA to protein or to template for neg RNA |
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retrovirus
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-reverse transcriptase converts ssRNA to ds DNA
-ds |
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viral assembly
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-in replication, the subunits of proteins are assembled and an empty capsid is laid down. na is inverted
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non enveloped viral assembly
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-na released by lysis
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enveloped viral assembly
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-na released by exocytosis or budding
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where budding occurs
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-glycoprotein spikes acquires on the area, which displaces the host cells proteins
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viral pathogenisis
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-the immune response may control disease and show signs of the diease
-host and tissue specific |
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viral pathogenisis range factors
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-cell surface receptors
-cell factors of gene expression -cell factors for replication |
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transformation
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-some viruses may alter growth cycle and metabolism
-transform the cells -cells may grow without restraint |
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host response to a virus
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-production of antibodies
-directed against the surface of the proteins of the virus |
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cellular response to a virus
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-imprtant in termination and pathogenicity
-inhibit attachment and activate t-cells |
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interferon production
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-proteins produced in response to a virus
-indice cell specific protein to inhibit replication -destroy mRNA -stimulate natural killer cell activity |
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cytopathic
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-change in cell characteristics
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antigen
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-antibodies are labeled and are used to detect viral antigens (proteins)
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antibody
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-immunoassays are available to detect the appearance of antibodies
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prion
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-infectious agent
-protein without na |
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viroid
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-infectious agent
-na without a protein coat |
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satellite virus
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-infectious agent
-virus like agents that need the help of other viruses |
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steno
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-narrow range
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eury
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-wide range
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faculatative
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-not necessary
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eurythermic
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-grows in a wide range of temperatures
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heterotroph: photo
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organic, light
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heterotroph: chemo
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-organic, nutrients from other organisms
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autotroph: photo
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-CO2, sunlight
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autotroph: chemo
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-CO2, simple inorganic substances
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saprobes
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-use organic carbon sources and metabolize organic matter from dead organisms
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temperature
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-microbes have no internal control over temperature
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cardinal temp: minimal
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-starting point for growth
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cardinal temp: optimal
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-highest rate of growth
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cardinal temp: maximum
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-highest temp tolerable for growth
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psychrophile
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-below 20
-faculatative |
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mesophile
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-10-50
-flora and pathogens -thermoduric (survive in high temp) |
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thermophile
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-above 40
-hyperthermophile |
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acidophiles
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-pH 1.5
-mold and yeasts |
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basophile/ alkalinophile
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-8.5-11.5
-the external pH is kept constant by expelling hydroxyl and protons |
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aerobe
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-obligate
-faculatative -grow with or without O2 |
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anaerobes
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-obligate
-die in O2 -do not have detox mechanisms -aerotolerant can tolerate O2 |
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capnophile
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-grow best at high CO2 levels
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osmophile
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-environment with high sugar
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non-symbiotic
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-free living, rel. not req.
-synergism -antagonism |
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symbiotic
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-close nutritional rel.
-mutualism -commensalism -parasitism |
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measuring cell growth
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-cell number
-cell mass |
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cell mass
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-measurement of turbidity with spectrophotometer
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lag
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-flat
-inoculated cells adjust |
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log
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-growth is exponential
-cell grow with nutrients and in a favorable environment |
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stationary
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-level
-waste accumulates |
