Microbiology

Front 1

who first reported microorganisms?

Back 1

leeuwenhoek

Front 2

who called microorganisms "weeanimalcules"?

Back 2

leeuwenhoek

Front 3

historical figure around 1668
one of the first to disprove spontaneous generation by doing an experiment using two containers -- maggots grew on the open one

Back 3

francesco redi

Front 4

historical figure around 1765
tried to prove spontaneous generation

Back 4

lazzaro spallanzani

Front 5

historical figure around 1861

Back 5

louis pasteur

Front 6

historical figure around 1876
proved the germ theory of disease
observed thru experiment with animals and anthrax

Back 6

robert koch

Front 7

historical figure around 1929

Back 7

alexander fleming

Front 8

who discovered the first antibiotic?
(penicillin)

Back 8

alexander fleming

Front 9

koch's 4 postulates

Back 9

1- the same microorganism must be present in all cases of the disease
2- the microorganism must be isolated in pure culture from the disease host
3- the microorganism must reproduce the disease when introduced into a healthy host
4- the microorganism must be isolated in pure culture from the inoculated host

Front 10

what are the 3 domains?

Back 10

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

Front 11

difference between bacteria and archaea

Back 11

they're both prokaryotes
bacteria- peptidoglycans
fatty acids in the membrane
1 type of RNA polymerase with 4 subunits

archaea-
cell walls of glycoprotein, polysaccharides,
1 RNA polymerase with more than 4 subunits
no fatty acids

Front 12

understand the structure of bacterial walls

Back 12

gram positive-
large peptidoglycan layer
no LPS layer

Front 13

what type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

Back 13

70s

Front 14

what type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

Back 14

80s except for inside mitochondria-- they have 70s

Front 15

which bacterial gram has lipopolysaccharide layer in its structure?

Back 15

gram negative

Front 16

which gram stain has a cell wall composed of 90% peptidoglycan?

Back 16

gram positive

Front 17

which gram is decolorized by ethanol in gram staining?

Back 17

gram negative
(since lack of peptidoglycan to keep dye in)

Front 18

the glycan part of the peptidoglycan is composed of what two subunits? and what are they held by?

Back 18

n-acetylglucosamine (G)
and
n-acetylmuramic acid

held together by beta 1,4 bonds

Front 19

tell me about the bond between the two subunits of glycan in peptidoglycan. what is it? why is that significant?

Back 19

its a beta 1,4 bond
significant because this bond is resistant to enzymatic digestion, helps with the stability of the cell wall

Front 20

which gram, + or - has an interbridge with a large repeat of amino acids?

Back 20

gram positive

Front 21

what attaches LPS to peptidoglycan?

Back 21

braun's lipoprotein

Front 22

proteins that allow molecules to transport across the LPS layer?

Back 22

porins

Front 23

an endotoxin is composed of what?

Back 23

polysaccharides plus lipid A

Front 24

what portion of the endotoxin is responsible for causing fever?

Back 24

lipid A

Front 25

which type of gram has endotoxins?

Back 25

gram -

Front 26

what do endotoxins cause?

Back 26

fever, diarrhea, and other general symptoms

Front 27

toxin not released from the cell; its bound to the cell surface

Back 27

endotoxin

Front 28

toxin released from the cell

Back 28

exotoxin

Front 29

excreted proteins, specific mode of action, highly toxic, doesn't cause fever:

Back 29

exotoxin

Front 30

lipoprotein/lipopolysaccharide released upon cell lysis, general mode of action, weakly toxic, often causes fever:

Back 30

endotoxin

Front 31

botulinum toxin is a good example of _________________

Back 31

an exotoxin
causes death through respiratory and cardiac failure

Front 32

the cell's interface with the environment

Back 32

the periplasmic space

Front 33

contents of the periplasmic space:

Back 33

1-hydrolytic enzymes
2- detoxifying enzymes
3- chemoreceptors
4-binding proteins

Front 34

polymer of repeating vibitol units
negatively charged
probably helps hold cell wall together

Back 34

techoic acid

Front 35

what is able to break the beta 1,4 bonds within the peptidoglycan?

Back 35

autolysin

Front 36

what transports the newly formed peptidoglycans from the cytoplasm across the membrane

Back 36

bactoprenol

Front 37

how does penicillin function?

Back 37

it prevents formation of peptide cross links in growing cells

Front 38

where are the flagellin subunits made?

Back 38

cytoplasm

Front 39

structure on bacterial surface, composed of polysaccharides,

Back 39

the capsule
or "glycocalyx"

Front 40

functions of the glycocalyx

Back 40

help cell attach to surfaces
prevent dessication
aid in colonization of certain niches
defense against phagocytes

Front 41

surface structure on bacteria composed of protein and/or glycoprotein

Back 41

s-layer

Front 42

often gives a tile-like appearance to the cell surface of bacteria

Back 42

s-layer

Front 43

where is the s-layer found on gram negative bacteria?

Back 43

the LPS layer

Front 44

where is the s-layer found on gram positive bacteria?

Back 44

on the peptidoglycan

Front 45

what kind of microscope do you need to see pili?

Back 45

electron microscope

Front 46

function of pili

Back 46

attachment to surfaces or to other bacterial cellsd during conjugation

Front 47

what are two ways bacterial membranes can be stabilized?

Back 47

hopanoids

the degree of saturation of fatty acids

Front 48

how do hopanoids help stabilize membranes?

Back 48

they help maintain optimal membrane fluidity in the same way that cholesterol does in eukaryotes

Front 49

bacteria preferring high temperature environments often have what type of fatty acids in their membranes?

Back 49

highly saturated

Front 50

bacteria preferring colder environments often have what type of fatty acids in their membranes?

Back 50

less saturated; decreased saturation would reduce interaction between the chains, thus allowing fluidity to be maintained at low temperatures

Front 51

hopanoid is structurally similar to..

Back 51

cholesterol

Front 52

allows a compound to move across a membrane regardless of concentration gradient by modifying the compound

Back 52

group translocation

Front 53

energy from what allows a compound to cross a membrane against the concentration gradient

Back 53

proton motive force

Front 54

an antiporter in the membrane does what?

Back 54

exchanges two positive charges
like Na+ for H+

Front 55

photosynthetic cyanobacteria with numerous gas vesicles used for transportation

Back 55

anabaena

Front 56

poly-b-hydroxybutyrate is what..?

Back 56

a polyester inclusion thats used for energy storage

Front 57

two bacteria that have endospores

Back 57

bacillus and clostridium

Front 58

how are endospores resistant to environmental extremes

Back 58

ca-dipicolnic acid forms a complex with DNA and is thought to protect it

small acid soluble proteins protect the DNA

dehydration of the endospore

Front 59

what dye do you use to see endospores?

Back 59

malachite green

Front 60

uses light as an energy source

Back 60

phototroph

Front 61

obtains energy by oxidizing chemicals

Back 61

chemotroph

Front 62

obtains electrons from inorganic source

Back 62

lithotroph

Front 63

obtains electrons from organic source

Back 63

organotroph