Microbiology 305 Test 3

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

Catabolism
Anabolism

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

breakdown of complex molecules --> get energy from this energy source

Front 3

Anabolism

Back 3

"Biosynthesis". Require energy obtained from catabolism. Used to make cell wall, membranes, ribosomes, surface structures, macromolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids, amino acids, nucleotides

Front 4

Amphibolic

Back 4

Both catabolic and anabolic

Front 5

Entner-Doudoroff, Glycolysis, and Pentose Phosphate can all lead to...

Back 5

Transition Step

Front 6

Entner-Doudoroff, Glycolysis, and Pentose Phosphate can all lead to fermentation if they ...

Back 6

do not have an ETC or organisms are forced to ferment because they don't have terminal electron acceptor

Front 7

Transition step

Back 7

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 8

Transition step goes to..

Back 8

TCA or Krebs cycle

Front 9

Energy

Back 9

Capacity to do work

Front 10

Potential is and kinetic is

Back 10

stored, motion

Front 11

Gibbs free energy

Back 11

energy available in products minus energy available in substrates

Front 12

Exergonic

Back 12

-delta G, Heat release, favorable

Front 13

Energonic

Back 13

+ deltaG, unfavorable, put heat into reaction

Front 14

metabolic pathways is a series of sequential reactions that link ___ with ____ reactions, driving overall equilibrium forward. This results in a +/- delta G?

Back 14

Unfavorable, Favorable, -delta G

Front 15

Pathway different from mechanism!!

Back 15

Pathway is: series of enzyme catalyzed reactions
Mechanism: way of doing particular reaction

Front 16

Linear, Branched, and Cyclical pathways

Back 16

A --> B, A to B and C, A to A

Front 17

ATP

Back 17

enzyme substrate/product not coenzyme

Front 18

Reducing power/electron carriers

Back 18

NAD+/NADH
NADP+/NADPH
FAD/FADH2

in metabolism, usually substrates/products NOT coenzyme that is recycled by same enzyme!!

Front 19

ATP has high energy ___ bonds

Back 19

phosphate

Front 20

Conversion of ATP to ADP in ___

Back 20

catabolism

Front 21

ATP to ADP is done through

Back 21

anabolism. Inorganic phosphate comes from some sort of other source. through Hydrolysis

Front 22

Phosphorylation

Back 22

Reaction for which Pi is added to ADP. There are 3 methods of doing this.

Front 23

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 23

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + ADP <--> ATP (pyruvate kinase)

Front 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 24

ETC builds up PMF, drives ATP synthase which bonds inorganic Pi to ADP

Front 25

Photophosphorylation

Back 25

ETC by sunlight builds up PMF, drives ATP synthase hich bonds inorganic Pi to ADP

Front 26

Hydrolysis method 1

Back 26

Releases phosphate.
ATP + H2O <--> ADP + Pi(PO43-) + 2H+

Front 27

Hydrolysis method 2

Back 27

Releases pyrophosphate that is irreversible.
ATP + H2O --> AMP + PPi(P2O74-) + 2+

Front 28

Organic phosphorylation

Back 28

Uses ATP as phosphate source.
ATP + glucose <--> ADP + glucose-6-phosphate + H+

thru phosphotransferase

Front 29

NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are...

Back 29

energy carriers (reducing power)

Front 30

NAD+ and FAD are using primarily for

Back 30

generating PMF

Front 31

NADP+

Back 31

used for biosynthesis

Front 32

Where do electrons go?

Back 32

Terminal Electron Acceptors --> leaves cell

Front 33

What is in a ETC

Back 33

redox proteins, small molecules, it moves es and forms concentration gradient across membrane hich creates PMF which allows ATP to be produced thru ATP Synthase

Front 34

Who doesnt have ETC?

Back 34

obligate fermentors
Obligate anaerobes

Still needs to regenerate energy carriers

Front 35

Examples of Terminal Electron Acceptors

Back 35

O2 (aerobic respiration)
NO3- or SO42- (anaerobic respiration)
Pyruvate (fermentation) no ETC!!

Front 36

Transition step only requires one complex ___

Back 36

enzyme

Front 37

Purpose of catabolic pathways is?

Back 37

oxidize glucose to CO2 (heterotrophy)
Generates energy (ATP), Reducing power (NADH, NADPH, FADH2), generates useful precurser metabolites

Front 38

What are some sources for catabolism?

Back 38

Polysaccharides, lipids, NAs, proteins, aromatics

Front 39

Glycolysis can also be called

Back 39

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway

Front 40

Glycolysis is the most common pathway for ____ ___

Back 40

sugar breakdown

Front 41

Glycolysis products go to

Back 41

Anaerobic or Aerobic Respiration which has an inorganic terminal electron acceptor (O2, NO3-, SO42-)
Uses cytochromes (protein e- carriers)
Reducing power --> ATP SYnthesis

Front 42

Glycolysis products also go to

Back 42

Fermentation
Has organic TEA
Its reducing power recycles e- carriers
No ATP synthesis beyond glycolysis

Front 43

Glycolysis Net reaction

Back 43

Glucose (C6H12O6) + 2 NAD+ +2ADP + 2Pi -> Pyruvate (C3H4O3) + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2 ATP

Converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate

Generates 2 ATP through substrate level phosphorylation, + 2 NADH

Front 44

Kinase/Phosphotransferase

Back 44

used in Phosphorylation (ATP)

Front 45

Dehydrogenase

Back 45

Used in Reducing power (NADH, NADPH, FADH2)

Front 46

Isomerase/Mutase

Back 46

Same chemical formula, different structure; Functional group shift

Front 47

Aldolase

Back 47

Catalyzes reverse aldol condensation

Front 48

Glycolysis stage 1

Back 48

Glucose --> 2 G3P
Net: loss of 2 ATP

Front 49

Glycolysis step 1

Back 49

Glucose + ATP --> Glc-6-P + ADP

Phosphotransferase (brings glucose into cell)
6C --> 6C
1 ATP Consumed

Front 50

Glycolysis step 2

Back 50

Glc-6-P <--> Fructose-6-P
6C -> 6C
Phosphoglucose isomerase

Front 51

Glycolysis step 3

Back 51

Fructose-6-P + ATP --> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

6C --> 6C
Phosphofructokinase
1 ATP consumed

Front 52

Glycolysis step 4

Back 52

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate <--> DHAP + G3P

6C --> 3C + 3C
Aldolase

Front 53

Glycolysis step 5

Back 53

DHAP <--> G3P

3C --> 3C

Triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)

Front 54

Glycolysis stage 2

Back 54

G3P --> Pyruvate

(+1 NADH, + 2 ATP) * 2

Front 55

Glycolysis step 6

Back 55

G3P + NAD+ + Pi <--> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

3C <--> 3C
Glyceraldegyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
Forms 1 NADH

Front 56

Glycolysis step 7

Back 56

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <--> 3PG + ATP

3C <--> 3C
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Forms 1 ATP

Front 57

Glycolysis step 8

Back 57

3PG <--> 2PG

3C <--> 3C
Phosphoglycerate mutase

Front 58

Glycolysis step 9

Back 58

2PG -> PEP + H2O

3C <--> 3C
Enolase

Front 59

Glycolysis step 10

Back 59

PEP + ADP -> pyruvate + ATP

3C<-->3C
Pyruvate kinase
Forms 1 ATP

Front 60

Glycolysis Reaction ways of Regulation?

Back 60

Enzyme production
Allosteric inhibition/activation

Front 61

Allosteric

Back 61

binding of inhibitor or activator at different site other than where chemistry is going on

Front 62

Allosteric inhibition/activation on Phosphofructokinase

Back 62

Activator: ADP
Inhibitors: ATP, pyruvate kinase, PEP

Front 63

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway is ___ to glycolysis

Back 63

alternative
Glucose --> 2 pyruvate

Front 64

Overall reaction of Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Back 64

Glucose + NAD+ + NADP+ + ADP + Pi --> 2 C3H4O3 + naDh + NADPH + 2H+ + ATP

Net 1 ATP 1 NADH 1 NADPH

Front 65

Entner-Doudoroff is less ____ _____

Back 65

energy efficient

Front 66

Entner-Doudoroff has different _____

Back 66

enzymes

Front 67

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Back 67

Alternative to glycolysis
Glucose --> 2 pyruvate

Front 68

Pentose Phosphate makes useful _____ ______

Back 68

precursor metabolites (sugars)
such as Ribose-5-phosphate and Erythrose-4-phosphate

Front 69

Ribose-5-Phosphate

Back 69

nucleic acid/protein biosynthesis/aa

Front 70

Erythrose-4-phosphate

Back 70

protein biosynthesis/aa

Front 71

Pentose phosphate net reaction

Back 71

C6H12O6 + NADP+ + 2NAD+ + ADP + Pi + 2H+ --> 2 CH3H4O3 + 2NADPH + 2NADH + 4H+ + ATP

Net 1 ATP, 2NADPH, 2NADH

Front 72

Pentose phosphate as compared to glycolysis is...

Back 72

less energy efficient
Different, useful precursor metabolites
some different enzymes

Front 73

Transition step links to...

Back 73

tricarboxylic acid cycle or fermentation

Front 74

Do every organism have TS?

Back 74

NO!

Front 75

TS is catalyzed by

Back 75

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Front 76

TS generates reducing power

Back 76

1 NADH per pyruvate or 2 NADH per glucose

Front 77

TS also generates precurser metabolites

Back 77

Acetyl CoA (lipid biosynthesis)
3C -->2C + 1C

Front 78

TS net reaction

Back 78

pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA --> acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2

Front 79

Tricarboxylic acid Cycle (Krebs) finishes ____ of glucose

Back 79

oxidation

Front 80

TCA used for organisms that..

Back 80

respire

Front 81

TCA cycle can be diverted to _____ thru metabolites

Back 81

biosynthesis

Front 82

Overal TCA reaction

Back 82

2 Acetyl-CoA + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2Pi ---> 2CoA + 4CO2 + 6NADH + 6H+ + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

Net 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Front 83

TCA Cycle occurs ___ for every glucose molecule

Back 83

Twice

Front 84

Enzymes in TCA

Back 84

Aconitase
Fumerase
Dehydrogenase
Synthase
Synthetase

Front 85

Synthase vs. synthetase

Back 85

thase: ATP independent
thetase: dependent or producing ATP

Front 86

Dehydrogenase

Back 86

reducing power

Front 87

Fumerase

Back 87

Cleaves fumerate

Front 88

TCA 1st step

Back 88

oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA --> citrate

4C + 2C --> 6C
Citratre Synthase

Front 89

TCA 2nd Step

Back 89

Citrate --> cis-aconitate + H2O

6C --> 6 C

Aconitase

Front 90

TCA 3rd Step

Back 90

Cis-aconitate + H2O --> Isocitrate

6C --> 6C
Aconitase

Front 91

Steps 2 and 3 in TCA cycle are an _______ reaction

Back 91

isomerization

Front 92

TCA step 4

Back 92

Isocitrate + NAD+ --> alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2 + NADH + H+

6C --> 5C + 1C

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Forms 1 NADH

Front 93

TCA step 5

Back 93

alpha-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA --> Succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+

5C --> 4C + 1C
2-oxoglutarate dehydeogenase
Forms 1 NADH

Front 94

TCA step 6

Back 94

Succinyl-CoA + ADP (or GDP) + Pi --> succinate + ATP (or GTP) + CoA

4C -> 4C
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
Forms 1 ATP (or GTP)
Substrate level phosphorylation

Front 95

TCA step 7

Back 95

Succinate + FAD --> fumarate + FADH2

4C --> 4C
Succinate dehdrogenase
Forms 1 FADH2

Front 96

Succinate dehydrogenase

Back 96

Also involved in ETC

Front 97

TCA step 8

Back 97

Fumarate + H2O --> malate

4C --> 4C
Fumarase

Front 98

TCA step 9

Back 98

Malate + NAD+ --> oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

4C --> 4C
Malate dehydrogenase
Forms 1 NADH

Front 99

Glycolysis is most efficient pathway for

Back 99

sugar metabolism

Front 100

TCA cycle finishes conversion tooo

Back 100

CO2 from Acetyl-CoA. Get A TON of energy

Front 101

other catabolic pathways include

Back 101

lipids (fats)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Aromatics

Front 102

Lipases

Back 102

Hydrolyze D-glycerol off of fatty acids --> --> products can then undergo glycolysis or TCA cycle

Front 103

Fatty acids undergo...

by lipases

Back 103

beta oxidation
CO2 kicked off repeatedly until nothing left --> forms acetyl-CoA --> goes to TCA cycle or fermentation

Front 104

Protease

Back 104

hydrolysis of proteins to generate aa subunits

uses amino acid decarboxylases ( - CO2) and deaminases (-NH3)

products --> glycolysis or TCA or fermentation

Front 105

Streptococcus pyogenes uses..

Back 105

proteases

Front 106

Clostridium perfringes

Back 106

uses lipases

Front 107

Amylases

Back 107

breakdown of carbohydrates (starches) --> sugars --> glycolysis, entner doudoroff, pentose phosphate

Front 108

many bacteria can break down ____ and use as sole source of energy and carbon

Back 108

aromatics

Front 109

Microbes recycle ____ thru aromatic breakdown and its useful for

Back 109

lignin (woody biomass), bioremediation

Front 110

Aerobic ARomatic catbolism steps

Back 110

1) remove substituents by enzymes
2) Dioxygenase adds molecule O to ring structure --> catechol
3)Catechol dioxygenase adds O2 to ring and cleaves ring to give linear molecule
4) gives intermediates ---> TCA

Front 111

Anaerobic aromatic catabolism is....

Back 111

poorly understood

Front 112

Purpose of respiration

Back 112

ATP Synthesis from reducing power from TCA cycle

Front 113

Use ______ phosphorylation in respiration

Back 113

oxidative

Front 114

Respiration generates a PMF which is

Back 114

High concentration of H+ outside cell. occurs across the membrane. uses ETC to generate.

Front 115

respiration powers ____ _____

Back 115

ATP Synthase

Front 116

Net reaction for respiration

Back 116

3 H+ -> ATP

Front 117

Respiration regenerates ___ ____

Back 117

electron carriers

Front 118

What are ETS?

Back 118

Groups of electron carriers
some proteins
some cofactors
Lot of redox reactions
Generates PMF

Front 119

Respiration occurs in cyoplasmic membrane in

Back 119

proks

Front 120

Respiration occurs in mitochondria in

Back 120

Euks

Front 121

What is PMF used for?

Back 121

ATP Synthesis
Flagellar rotation
Nutrient uptake
Efflux (resistance)

Front 122

In some cases Na+ substitutes for H+ in

Back 122

PMF in halophiles, extreme halophiles

Front 123

Respiration is one form of ___ ____

Back 123

electron transport

Front 124

Electron Carriers have...

Back 124

double bonds and or metal ions
Cofactors
Proteins

Front 125

Cofactors that are electron carriers

Back 125

quinones, iron-sulfur clusters, flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Heme

Front 126

Proteins that are electron carriers

Back 126

flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, cytochromes

Front 127

Prok respiration characteristics

Back 127

variable components because they can adapt

Front 128

aerobic respiration

Back 128

has terminal electron accpetor like O2

Front 129

anaerobic respiration

Back 129

has another inorganic terminal acceptor

Front 130

prok respiration pumps protons ____ membrane

Back 130

outside

Front 131

Aerobic prok ETS removes ___ e- from 1 NADH or 1 FADH2.

Back 131

2

Front 132

aerobic prok ETS pumps _____ protons and ___ O2 is reduced using NADH

Back 132

2-8, 1/2

Front 133

aerobic prok ETS pumps _____ protons and ___ O2 is reduced using FADH2. This is less favorable reaction

Back 133

2-4, 1/2

Front 134

Aerobic prok ETS in total pumps ___ protons per O2 molecule. It uses either 2 NADH, 2 FADH2 or 1 NADH and 1 FADH2

Back 134

4-16.

Front 135

Aerobic prok ETS has 2 possible electron sources which are..

Back 135

NADH (from multiple pathways)
FADH2 (from only TCA)

Front 136

Using NADH for ETS in aerobic ETS

Back 136

uses NADH dehydrogenases (NDHs)
Electron donor is NADH
Electron Acceptor is quinone

Front 137

Overal reaction for NADH in ETS of aerobic respiration

Back 137

NADH + H+ --> NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+

Front 138

how many protons are pumped using NADH in ETS?

Back 138

0-4. Under good conditions: NDH-1 pumps 4 H+.
Under bad conditions NDH-2 pumps 0 H+

Front 139

Using FADH2 in the ETS for aerobic proks

Back 139

Uses succinate dehydrogenase
Electron donor: FADH2
Electron acceptor: quinone

Front 140

Overal reaction of using FADH2 in ETS for aerobic proks

Back 140

FADH2 --> FAD + 2e- + 2H+
Does not pump any protons....

Front 141

What is a quinone

Back 141

Lipid soluble electron carrier
ie coenzyme Q, vitamin K

Front 142

When quinones are reduced overall reaction

Back 142

Q + 2e- + 2H+ --> QH2 (quinol)

Front 143

Quinones shuttle _____ from dehydrogenases to terminal oxidase enzyme that reduces O2 aerobically

Back 143

electrons

Front 144

Two terminal oxidases in aerobic ETS

Back 144

Cytochrome bo quinol oxidase and cytochrome bd oxidase
Electron donor: QH2
Electron acceptor: O2

Front 145

Overall reaction for quinol being oxidized by terminal oxidase

Back 145

QH2 --> Q + 2H+ + 2e-. the 2 H's are pumped out by terminal oxidase

Front 146

Cyt bo pumps aditional __ H+ during e- transfer for __ H+ total

Back 146

2,4

Front 147

Cyt b oxidase pumps __ protons (additional) during e- transfer yielding __ total

Back 147

0,2

Front 148

Overal reaction for electron acceptor in ETS using FADH2

Back 148

1/2 O2 + 2e- + H+ --> H2O

Front 149

CYT bd pumps additional _ protons

Back 149

0

Front 150

cyt bo pumps additional __ protons

Back 150

2

Front 151

anaerobic prok ETS

Back 151

where O2 is not that available
deep soil, water, and GI tract

inorganic terminal electron acceptor, cytochromes

Front 152

Pathways in anaerobic prok ETS

Back 152

other dehydrogenases, quinones, other terminal oxidases, different terminal oxidases such as NO2-, NO3-

Front 153

What are inorganic terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic prok ET

Back 153

Nitrate reducers
Sulfate reducers (esp. archaea)
SO42- -> SO3- --> H2S
Metals
Fe3+ -> Fe2+
Mn4+ -> Mn 2+
Au 3+ -> Au
U6+ -> U4+ Geobacter metallireducens

Front 154

Characteristics of Mitochondrial ET

Back 154

Single chain, comparable to prok ET, protein complexes I-IV, 2 major electron carriers (quinone, cytochromes)

Front 155

ATP Synthase

Back 155

membrane embedded, 3 H+ enter, power synthesis of 1 ATP from ADP and Pi

Front 156

Theoretical yield of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation is

Back 156

34 molecules of ATP
2NADH e : 3 ATP max
2NADH2 e: 2 ATP max
Glycolysis: 2NADH --> 6ATP
Transition step: 2NADH --> 6ATP
TCA: 6 NADH --> 18 ATP
2 FADH2 --> 4 ATP

Front 157

Maximum prokaryotic yield is

Back 157

38.
oxidative phosphorylation = 34
substrate level phosphorylation = 4
2ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from TCA

Front 158

Why do organisms ferment

Back 158

no inorganic terminal electron acceptor (as in anaerobic respiration)

No O2, no NO2-, no SO42-

No ETC (obligate fermentors)

to recycle (get back) NAD+

No additional energy formed

Front 159

How do organisms ferment?

Back 159

organic terminal electron acceptor such as pyruvate, Derivatives (acetyl-CoA)

Front 160

Useful byproducts of fermentation

Back 160

Lactic acid (yogurt, tooth decay, cramps)

Ethanol (Beer, wine, bread)

Propionic acid (swiss cheese)

Mixed acids (MacConkey agar)

Butyric acid (butter)

Front 161

Clostridium Perfringens (THE BAD)

Back 161

Gram +
Bacillus
Obligate anaerobe
Endospore former
Intestinal flora
Deep soil, aquatic sediment

Front 162

Gangrene 4 types

Back 162

Loss of blood supply
Dry: shriveled blue black, brown skin (lose circulated)
Wet: bacterial infection, swelling blistering
Internal: Hernia
Fournier's: Genitalia

Front 163

Gas Gangrene

Back 163

Caused by Clostridium Perfringens
Muscle tissue
Infection, bloody discharge, swelling, sever pain, snap crackle pop

Front 164

Catabolism and C. perfringens

Back 164

Chemoheterotroph
Uses carbohydrates, aas, nucleic acids, lipids

Performs Glycolysis

No TCA Cycle
No ETS

Front 165

C. Perfringens two major fermentation pathways

What do they make?

Back 165

makes ethanol,acetate, butyrate

lactate

Has lots of gas production (CO2 and H2)

Front 166

C. perfringens
1st Pathway

Back 166

Pyruvate ---> H2 + CO2 and ethanol/acetate/butyrate

Pyruvate synthase

Pyruvate + CoA + 2 ferredoxin (ox) --> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 ferredoxin (red) + 2H+

3C --> 1C + 2C

Front 167

C. perfringens regenerates ferredoxin (ox) by...

Back 167

Hydrogenase

2H+ + ferredoxin (red) --> 2H+ + ferredoxin (ox)

Front 168

Acetyl CoA conversion in pathway #1 in C. perfringes

Back 168

acetyl CoA turns into either acetate, butyrate, ethanol ---> regenerates NAD+

Front 169

Because C. perfringes relases so much gas it increases ________ and creates ______

Back 169

anaerobicty, bubbling

Front 170

C. perfringes pathway #2 for fermentation overall reaction

Back 170

Pyruvate --> succinate/propionate + CO2

Lactate dehydrogenase

Front 171

Wat does lactate dehydrogenase do in pathway #2 for C. perfringes and then what reaction occurs after that

Back 171

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ --> Lactate + NAD+

Regenerates NAD+

Lactate --> succinate or propionate + CO2

regenerates NAD+

Front 172

Streptococcus pyogenes properties

Back 172

Group A Strep (GAS)
Gram +
diplococci
Facultative anaerobe: aerotolerant, obligate fermentor
common oral/upper respiratory flora

Front 173

What does strep. pyogenes cause?

Back 173

Pharyngitis (strep throat)
Rheumatic fever (scarlet fever)
Autoimmune disease
Mastitis
Necrotizing fasciitis: flesh eating bacteria

Front 174

How does strep pyogenes infect?

Back 174

wound site colonization: M protein binding

Exotoxin release -
A: superantigen
B: protease

Beta-hemolysis

Front 175

Catabolism in S. pyogenes

Back 175

Chemoheterotroph
Glycolysis
No TS
No TCA Cycle
No ETS

Front 176

S. pyogenes does Homolactic fermentation (homofermentative metabolism)

Back 176

finish 1 glucose --> 2 lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ ---> lactate + NAD+

3C --> 3C
Regenerates NAD+

NO CO2 formation

Front 177

Difference between homolactic and heterolactic fermentation

Back 177

homolactic does not produce CO2

Front 178

Lactobacilli (THE GOOD GUY)

Back 178

Gram +
Bacillus
Facultative anaerobes: aerotolerant, obligate fermenter

Acidophile (pH 4)
Common intestinal flora; raw milk
Rarely pathogenic

Front 179

Lactobacilli does what fermentation

Back 179

Homolactic fermentation (NO CO2)
Lactobacillus lactics, Lactobacillus acidophilus

Heterolactic fermentation (heterofermentative metabolism) forms CO2
Lactobacillus brevis

Front 180

Heterolactic fermentation in lactobacilli overall reaction

Back 180

Convert 1 glucose --> 1 lactate + CO2 + 1 ethanol

6C --> 3C + 1C + 2C

regenerates NADP and NAD

Front 181

Heterolactic fermentation starts a lot like

Back 181

pentose phosphate pathway

Front 182

Reactions of Heterolactic fermentation

Back 182

Glucose ---> ---> CO2 + xylulose-5-phosphate
6C -> 1C + 5C

Xylulose-5-phosphate + Pi -> acetyl phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O
5C --> 2C + 3C
phosphoketolase

Acetyl phosphate -->--> --> ethanol
2C --> 2C
Regenerates NADP+

G3P -->--> pyruvate -> lactate
3C-->3C
Regenerates NAD+

Front 183

Lactobacilli benefits

Back 183

probiotics (activia yogurt)
Good competitors (inhibits pathogens)
Antimicrobial production

Commercial products
Milk, kimchi, sauerkraut, pickles, chocolate

Front 184

Chocolate 3 stages of succession

Back 184

anaerobic yeast fermentation of pump on outer shell --> lowers pH to 3.5 (acetate, CO2, ethanol)

Lactobacilli fermentation
pH 4 (acetate , lactate, CO2)

Acetobacter aerobic respiration
converts acetate and ethanol to CO2, oxidation leads to brown color.

Front 185

Phototrophy

Back 185

light as source of energy
Energy from an excited electron pumps protons

Front 186

Two types of phototrophy

Back 186

Bacteriorhodopsin
Photosystems

Front 187

Photosystems are a ..

Back 187

series of e- carriers and proteins

Front 188

Photolysis

Back 188

Excitation of an electron --> electron transfer

Happens to both autotrophs via light reaction and dark reaction and heterotrophs via light powering ATP synthase

Front 189

4 Characteristics of Photolysis

Back 189

Antenna system - pigments absorb light
Reaction Center - electron separation
ETS
Energy Carriers

Front 190

Types of Antenna systems

Back 190

Chlorophylls (primarily photoautotrophs)

Bacteriochlorophylls (primarily photoheterotrophs)

Accessory pigments
Carotenoids (Vit. A beta-carotene)
Phycobilins

Front 191

Anaerobix PSI

Back 191

Noncyclic phosphorylation
Reaction center electron source: H2S, Fe2+, organic donor

Energy carriers
NAD(P)
ATP

Front 192

PSII

Back 192

Cyclic phosphorylation
Reaction center electron source: bacteriochlorophyll

Energy carriers:
ATP

Front 193

Oxygenic Z

Back 193

Noncyclic phosphorylation
Reaction center electron source: H2O
Energy carriers: NAD(P)H
ATP

Produces O2 via
2H2O --> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

Front 194

carbon fixation

Back 194

conversion of CO2 to organics (glucose)

anabolic

Aerobes - calvin cycle

Anaerobes, archaea - other mechanisms

Front 195

Calvin Cycle overall equation

Back 195

6CO2 + 12NADPH + 12H+ + 18 ATP --> glucose + 12 NADP+ + 18ADP + 18 Pi

Front 196

Calvin cycle found in..

Back 196

cyanobacteria, lithotrophs, purple bacteria, chloroplasts

Front 197

Calvin Cycle steps

Back 197

6 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (5C) + 6CO2 (1C) --> 12 3GP (3C)
Rubisco
36 total

12 3PG (3C) + 12 ATP --> 12 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (3C)
36 total

12 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (3C) + 12 NADPH --> 12 G3P (3C)
36 Total

Branch!!
2 G3P (3C) --> --> --> 1 GLUCOSE (6C)
END BRANCH

10 G3P (3C) --> 6 RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE (5C)
30 total

6 ribulose-5-phosphate (5C) + 6ATP --> 6 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (5C)
30 total

Front 198

For organisms that do not do Calvin Cycle, they do reductive/reverse TCA cycle. Who does this?

Back 198

Anaerobes, archaea
Original carbon fixation cycle
Reduces CO2 to acetyl CoA
TCA intermediates
A few different enzymes

Front 199

Acetyl Co-A Pathway

Back 199

Anaerobes and archaea, METHANOGENS
not photosynthesis

Front 200

Polymer Biosynthesis: Polyhroxyalkanoates

Back 200

biodegradable
sutures, mesh, surgical films

Front 201

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis steps

Back 201

uses Fatty acid synthase complex (FAS II)

Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA --> Malonyl-CoA --> Replace CoA with ACP --> Malonyl-ACP --> Loss of ACP from acetyl ACP and decarboxylation of added malonyl-ACP --> ketone reduction --> loss of H2O (dehydration)--> reduction (saturation)

Front 202

Fatty acid biosythesis canalso be dehydrated for

Back 202

cis unsaturation

Front 203

Antibiotic Biosynthesis

Back 203

Pathways and/or multifunctional enzymes

Very similar to fatty acid biosynthesis

Front 204

Two types of antibiotic biosynthesis

Back 204

single, modular enzyme
multienzyme complex

Front 205

Polyketide Synthase (PKS) is...

Back 205

an enzyme used for antibiotic biosynthesis. ie. erythromycin

Front 206

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) example

Back 206

vancomycin.

3 proteins (CepA, CepB, CepC)
7 modules ( to make 7 aa)

Other enzymes add functional groups

Front 207

Prions

Back 207

Infectious protein only

Front 208

Diseases with proteins

Back 208

Creutzfeldt-Jakob (human equivalency of Mad Cow)
Kuru
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Scrapie
Chronic wasting Disease
Feline spongiform encephalopathy

Front 209

Chronic wasting disease (deer, elk)

Back 209

significant problem for hunters

Front 210

Mechanism for prion formation

Back 210

PrP^sc is misfolded to PrP^c when it binds and uses as substrate, aggregation

Front 211

Familial PrP^c

Back 211

mutation of PrPsc gene

Front 212

three forms of prion diseases

Back 212

familial, sporadic, acquired (consumation of contaminated meat)

Front 213

Viruses are

Back 213

noncellular particles
10-500nm
must infect host to reproduce
includes nucleic acid, capsid

Front 214

Types of viruses

Back 214

Plant viruses, mammalian viruses

Front 215

viruses has a host range

Back 215

single species (HIV , FIV)

Broad range (West nile)

Front 216

Two types of structures of viruses

Back 216

Symmetrical: icosahedral (20 sided)., Filamentous (helical)
Assymetrical

Front 217

3 classifying characteristics of viruses

Back 217

Physical structures, Genome structure (RNA, DNA, single, double), Enveloped vs. Naked (outer lipid membrane vs. no membrane)

Front 218

Steps for a phage

Back 218

hos recognition and attachment, hijacking cell surface receptors, Genome entry, virion particle assembly, exit and transmission

Front 219

3 cdifferent life cylcles of a phage

Back 219

lytic, lysogenic, slow release

Front 220

Lytic cycle or "virulent"

Back 220

Protein expression
Host cell DINA digestion
Capsid synthesis
Viral DNA replication
Packaging
Lysis and release

Front 221

Lysogenic Life Cycle "temperate"

Back 221

Prophage formation (genome integration), reproduction with host DNA, Excision --> lytic cycle

Front 222

Slow Release

Back 222

Cell survives!

Phage replication and assembly
No lysis
Slows host cell growth because of limited resources

Front 223

Viroids

Back 223

infective RNA
No capsid
Requires host RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase for replication

Missappen potato

Front 224

Hepatitis D

Back 224

Only present upon co infection with hep B. capsid derived from hepatitis B