Microbiology 3 (Brock 10Th Ed.)

Front 1

a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms

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covalent bond

Front 2

destruction of the folding properties of a protein leading (usually) to loss of biological activity

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denaturation

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on form of a molecule that is the mirror image of another form of the same molecule

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enantiomer

Front 4

a type of covalent bond that links sugar units together in a polysaccharide

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glycosidic bond

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a weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and a second, more electronegative element, usually an oxygen or nitrogen atom

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hydrogen bond

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glycerol bonded to fatty acids or other hydrophobic molecules by ester or ether linkage. often contain other groups as well, such as phosphate

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lipid

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polymer of covalently linked monomeric units

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macromolecule

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two or more atoms chemically bonded to one another

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molecule

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possessing hydrophobic characeristics and not easily dissolved in water

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nonpolar

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a nucleotide without its phosphate group

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nucleoside

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a monomer of a nucleic acid containing a nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, ucracil), a molecule of phosphate, and a sugar (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose is DNA)

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nucleotide

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a type of covalent bond joining amino acids in a polypeptide

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peptide bond

Front 13

a type of covalent bond linking nucleotides together in a polynucleotide

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phosphodiester bond

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possessing hydrophilic characteristics and generally water-soluble

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polar

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a chemical compound formed by polymerization and consisting of repeating units called monomers

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polymer

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a polymer of nucleotides bonded to one another by phosphodiester groups

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polynucleotide

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a polymer of amino acids bonded to one another by peptide bonds

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polypeptide

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a polymer of sugar units bonded to one another by glycosidic bonds

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polysaccharide

Front 19

in an informational macromolecule, such as a polypeptide, the precise sequence of monomeric units

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primary structure

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a polypeptide or group of polypeptides that form a molecule of specific biological function

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protein

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in proteins, the number and arrangement of individual polypeptides in the final protein molecule

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quaternary structure

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the initial pattern of folding of a polypeptide or a polynucleotide, usually dictated by opportunities for hydrogen bonding

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secondary structure

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the final folded structure of a polypeptide that has previously attained secondary structure

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tertiary structure

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weak attractive forces that occur between atoms when they become closer than about 3-4 angstroms

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van der waals forces

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cytosine links w/ ___ in DNA

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guanine

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adenine links w/ ____ in DNA

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thymine

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major component element of all macromolecules

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carbon

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plays a major role in folding pattern of proteins; occurs when nonpolar molecules cluster in an aqueous environment

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hydrophobic interactions

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proteins are polymers of monomers called ____

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amino acids

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nucleic acids are polymers of _____; found in cells in two forms, RNA and DNA

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nucleotides

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most abundant class of macromolecule

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proteins

Front 32

have hydrophobic properties and play crucial roles in membrane structure and as storage depots for excess carbon

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lipids

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polymers of sugars, present primarily in cell wall

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polysaccharides

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organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1

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carbohydrates

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most abundant of all sugars, C6 H12 O6

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glucose

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c5 sugars, play role as structural backbone of nucleic acids

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pentoses

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c6 sugars, monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers and energy reserves

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hexoses

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important bacterial cell wall polymer that contains glucose derivative NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)

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peptidoglycan

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monosaccharides are joined by ____ to form polysaccharides

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glycosidic bonds

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two/three/several more/extremely long chain monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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disaccharide/trisaccharide/oligosaccharide/polysaccharide

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primary constituents of lipids in bacteria and eukarya

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fatty acids

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the c3 alcohol that bonds with fatty acids to form simple lipids

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glycerol

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alternate name of simple lipids; named so because three fatty acids are linked to glycerol molecule

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triglyceride

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lipids containing a phosphate group

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phospholipids

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chemical property of lipids that make them ideal structural component of membranes

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amphipathic

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showing properties of bother hydrophobicity and hydro philicity

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aphipathic

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polysaccharide combined w/ a protein

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glycoprotein

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polysaccharide combined w/ a lipid

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glycolipid

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adenine and guanine are ___ bases

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purine

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thymine, cytosine, uracil are all ___ bases

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pyrimidine

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___ bases contain two fused rings

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purine

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____ bases contain a single six membered ring

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pyrimidine

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a single phosphate connected by ester linkage to two seperate sugars; found in nucleic acids

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phosphodiester bond

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present in double-stranded form in cells

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DNA

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w/ few exceptions, ____ are single-stranded molecules

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RNA

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contains genetic information of DNA in a single-stranded molecule complementary in base sequence to a portion of the base sequence in DNA

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messenger RNA, mRNA

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"adaptor" molecules in protein synthesis, adapt genetic information found in language of nucleotides to language of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

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transfer RNA, tRNA

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important structural and catalytic components of the ribosome, the protein synthesizing system of the cell

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ribosomal RNA, rRNA

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the monomeric units of proteins

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amino acids

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primarily, amino acids consist of only these elements:

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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type of bond that links amino acids

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peptide bond

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side groups of amino acids are denoted by ___ and are variable

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R

Front 63

an amino acid contains a ___, the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylic acid group

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alpha carbon

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functionaly group of an amino acid, COOH

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carboxylic acid group

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functional group of an amino acid, NH2

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amino group

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two molecules with same formula but different structual forms; related but not identical

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isomers

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enzymes that convert unusual form of a molecule to a readily metabolizable form

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racemases

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linear polypeptide wrapped around a cylinder (secondary structure)

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alpha helix

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chain of amino acids folding back and forth upon itself (secondary structure)

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beta sheet