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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Simple Stain
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single dye applied in aqueous/alcohol sol to highlight entire organism
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Basic Dyes
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stain has + chg that is attracted to - chg on wall
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Acidic Dyes
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stain has - chg and is repulsed by - chg on the wall
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Neutral Dyes
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nonpolar/noncharged chem selectively stain nonpolar structures
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Differential Staining
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the use of 2 diff stains to highlight various aspects and identify
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Gram Stain
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Crystal Violet (primary stain)
Gram's Iodine (mordant) Alcohol (decolorizer) Safranin (secondary stain) |
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Gram Positive/Negative
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+=purple
-=red |
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Acid-Fast Staining
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used to distinguish bacteria with mycolic acid
Carbofuchsin Heat Acid Alcohol (decolorizer) Methylene Blue (counterstain) |
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Special Stains
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used to color or isolate specific parts
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Capsule Stains
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highlight gelatinous covering which influences microbe virulence
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Endospore Stain
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stain identifies resistant, dormant structure designed to protect microbe during harsh environ conditions
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Flagellar Stain
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identifies presence of flagella by binding to and thickening a structure that is otherwise too fine to visualize
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Glycocalyx
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acidic sugars linked into long chains; may contain polypeptides. made in cell, secreted to associated with wall.
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Slime Layer
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loose coating to decrease water/nutrient losses, easily dislodged
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Capsule
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thicker, firmly attached, layered coating of gummy consistency which promotes adherence and avoids phagocytosis
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Capsule Functions
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protection (dehydration, phagocytosis), enhance attachment
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Prokaryotic Flagellum
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analogous to eurkaryotic structures, for locomotion
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4 Arrangements of Prokaryotic Flagellum
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Monotrichous, Amphitrichous, Lophotrichous, Pertrichous
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Prokaryotic Flagellum Structure
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Filament (globular flagellin proteins), Hook, Basal Body (rings)
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Prokaryotic Flagellar Function
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Energy, Rotary, Directionality (random or coordinated movement)
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Fimbriae
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fine, hairlike extensions on gram - microbes for attachment (increases pathogenicity), pilin protein, at poles or uniform dist. few to 100s
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Pilus
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fine, hairlike extensions on gram - microbes for attachement for genetic recombo, longer, 1-2/cell
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Endoflagellum
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thin bundle of flagellum-like structures attach at pole, spiral around spirochete outside of wall, corkscrew motility
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Cell Shapes
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Coccus, Bacillus, Spiral, Club, Curves
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Periplasmic Space
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region between plasma membrane and wall, contains loose network of peptidoglycan, proteins, enz
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Peptidoglycan
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glycoprotein, enz produced, huge polymer of repetitive/identical subunits
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Teichoic Acid
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polymer of identical subunits, phosphate grp gives - chg, regulates cation fluxes, inhibits autolysin
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Wall Teichoid Acid
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covalently bound to PG
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Lipoteichoic Acid
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covalently bound to lipids in membrane
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Strepto
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chains
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Staphylo
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clusters
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Sarcinae
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packet of 8 cells
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Outer Membrane
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exterior to PG layer in gram - cells, standard membrane composition
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Braun's Lipoproteins
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small lipoprotein covalently binds to PG layer and embeds in lower outer membrane for anchoring
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Adhesion Sites
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20-100 nm diameter areas of contact between plasma membrane and outer membrane, may be transport sites
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Porin Proteins
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clusters of 3 transmembrane proteins form a channel to accomodate molecules >700 dal
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Lipopolysaccharide
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complex, dual natured molecule composed of 3 parts: Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen
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Lipid A
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2 glucosamine derivates with 3fas and phosphates, buried in outer membrane, endotoxin
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Core Polysaccharide
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9-12 sugar units attached to lipid A that contribute to cell's negative chg
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O Antigen
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50-100 subunits comprised of 4-7 sugar units each, chain extends from core, involved in antigenic drift
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Permease
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highly specific pumps in plasma membrane for nutrient entry
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Thylakoids/Chromatophores
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small membranous sacs with embedded photosynthetic pigments
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Mesosomes
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irregular unfolding of plasma membrane - originally thought to be artifact, may provide increased surface area for aerobic resp
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Nucleoid
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bacterial chromosome, circular DNA strand, attached to plasma membrane, no envelope or histones
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Plasmids
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small circ pieces of extrachromosomal DNA, replicated independently, accessory genes
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Inclusion Bodies
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non-membrane bound molecular aggregates, usually storage
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Endospores
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tough, resistant cells to permit survival during harsh environmental conditions
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Catabolism
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enzyme mediated, exergonic reactions involved hydrolysis
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Anabolism
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enzyme mediated, endergonic reactions involving condensation/dehydration synthesis
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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E released by oxidation (electrons) is stored to use later for ATP production
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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redox reactions produced activated electron carriers used in ETS to generate hydrogen gradient for chemiosmosis
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Photophosphorylation
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absorption of photons drives ETS used to generate hydrogen gradient for chemiosmosis
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Cellular Respiration
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glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain (ETS)
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Glycolysis Products
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2 ATP, 2 NADH
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Kreb's Cycle Products
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4 CO2
2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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Anaerobic Respiration
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glucose breakdown in the absence of oxygen, results in production of 2 pyruvates and 2 ATPs
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Fermentation
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conversion of pyruvate into other organic compounds following anaerobic resp (lactic acid and alcohol)
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Heterotrophs
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obtain C in organic form
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Autotrophs
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can convert inorganic C into organic compounds and are NOT nutritionally dependent on other orgs
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Phototroph
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light E
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Chemotroph
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oxidation of chemical compounds provides E
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Photoautotroph
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CO2 and light
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Photoheterotroph
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organic and light
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Chemoautotroph
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CO2 and reduced inorganics
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Chemoheterotroph
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organic and organic
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Physical Growth Requirements
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temp, pH, osmotic pressure
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Chemical Growth Requirements
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carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors
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Obligate Aerobe
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must use oxygen and is capable of detox
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Facultative Anaerobe
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an aerobe that can grow without oxygen if necessary, capable of detox
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Aerotolerant Anaerobes
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can't use oxygen but capable of detoxification
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Obligate Anaerobes
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can't use oxygen and lack detoxifying enzymes
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Microaerophiles
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must have oxygen at reduced rates since they possess low levels of detoxifying enzymes
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Liquid Media
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water based medium that doesn't solidify at temps over freezing and flows freely (nutrient broth)
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Semi-solid Media
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clot-like consistency, good for testing motility and some metabolic features
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Solid Media
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provides relatively firm surface for colony growth, non-liquifiable and liquifiable
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Agar
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complex polysaccharide extract, solidifies at 42 C and doesn't melt until 100 C, not degraded by microbes
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Synthetic/Defined Media
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composition is precisely known
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Non-synthetic/Complex/Undefined Media
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primary components not precisely defined
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General Purpose Media
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grow as broad a spectrum as possible
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Enriched Media
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contains complex organic substances and special growth factors to support growth of fastidious microbes
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Selective Media
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contains agents to inhibit growth of certain microbes
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CNA
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selective for gram +
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PEA
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selective for gram +
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EMB
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selective for gram -
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MacConkey
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selective for gram -, differentiates between lactose fermentors and non-lactose fermentors
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Differential Media
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allows growth of microbial species but highlights differences using dyes, pH indicators
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MSA
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selects for Staphylococcus, differentiaties mannitol fermentors and non-fermentors
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Reducing Media
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contains substrates to absorb O2 of slows its penetration/availability to promote anaerobe growth
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Transport Media
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special design to prevent cell destruction, pH changes and toxins but doesn't promote growth (Culturettes)
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Assay Media
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used to assess effectiveness of antibiotics and/or disinfectant
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Enumeration Media
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used to rapidly quantify number of microbes in a sample
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Special Culture Conditions
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most often control for temp, atmospheric gases of incubation
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Generation Time
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time needed for cell to divide, varies with species, nutrient availability and temp
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Generation Time=
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time/generation
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Nf=
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Ni(2^x) where x=number of generations
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x=
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log Nf - log Ni/log 2
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Phases of Bacterial Growth
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Lag, Log, Stationary, Death/Decline
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Plate Counts
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inoculate plate, count colones at 25-250/plate
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Colony Forming Unit
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consider that each colony arose from single bacterium
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Sterilization
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removing, killing and/or inactivating ALL members
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Commercial Sterilization
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less stringent, reduction of organisms likely to cause spoilage or disease
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Disinfection
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reduction/elimination of pathogenic microbes, typically refers to destruction of vegetative pathogens
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Antisepsis
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removal of microbes from living tissues
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Degerming
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mechanical removal of microbes
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Sanitization
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process to lower microbe counts to safe public health levels, minimizing disease transmission
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Decontaimination
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disinfect/antiseptic capable of killing microbes
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Bacteriocidal
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disinfectant/antiseptic capable of killing microbes
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Bacteriostatic
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disinfectant/antiseptic used to inhibit microbial growth permitting elim by immune sys
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Traditional Pasteurization
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63 for 30 mins, short period destroys non-endospore formers (no boiling so don't alter taste/texture
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HTST Pasteurization
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72 for 15 s, dramatically drops microbe population for safe refrigeration
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UHT Pasteurization
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raise to 72, pop to 140, drop to 72 over course of 5 seconds, no refrigeration necessary
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UV Radiation
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catalyzes formation of covalent bond between adjacent thymines (T dimers) that inhibits correct DNA replication, also produces singlet O2 in cytoplasm, low penetration (effective for surface only)
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Microwave
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low effectiveness, result of boiling water
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Gamma Radiation
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highly effective/bacteriocidal, produces free radicals that oxidize proteins and break sugar-P backbone of nucleic acids, deep penetration
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Mutation
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random change in DNA sequence
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Nitrous Acid
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promotes tautomerization, leading to mutations
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Nucleoside Analogs
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molecule similar to base but with different pairing ability
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Chromosomal Mutations
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large-scale rearrangement of chromosomes; infrequent
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Point Mutations
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change usually occurring at a single base; includes base substitution, insertion, deletion
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Base Substitution
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exchange of one base for another (missense, nonsense, no effect)
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Missense Mutation
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no effect or lethal
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Nonsense Mutation
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trigger early stop codon
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Recombination
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horizontal gene transfer, includes transformation, conjugation, and transduction
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Transformation
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taking up of DNA fragments released from related species when they die and incorporating into host genome
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Competence
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recipient alters phsiology slightly to chamge permeability of wall/membrane to DNA (transformation)
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Conjugation
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transfer of chromosomal DNA fragments and/or plasmid DNA into recipient cell via sex pili
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Transduction
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DNA transfer from virally-infected donor cell via bacteriophage
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Generalized Transduction
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all genes within infected bacterium are equally likely to be package up in new phages and transferred
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Specialized Transduction
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only certain bacterial genes are routinely transferred
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Transposons
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secondary source of recombination, small DNA sequence that can move from one region to another
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