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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Neutralism and give an example
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is when nothing is happening. Ie. a spore minding its own business
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What is commensalism
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When one bacteria benefits and the other isnt affected positively or negatively
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What is mutualism
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two or more organisms are absolutely dependant on each other
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What is Predation and parasitism
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benefit one and detrimental to the other
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What is Rumen microbiology
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It is mutualism when a bacteria in the rumen helps the cow digest cellulose while they get a place to live and nutrients
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What is Endosymbiosis
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It is how chloroplasts and mitochondria were made (i.e. injested )
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How are tubeworms endosymbionts
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Tube worms protect symbiotic bacteria by filtering O2 CO2 HS from seawater while bacteria use those compounds to produce carbohydrates for the tube worms
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What are fungal filaments and how are they endobiosiants
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They attach to roots of plants and get phosphorus for both itself and the plants. In exchange, plant gives it sugar
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Crown gall disease
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tumour on a plant. caused by agrobacterium.
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What is T-DNA
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encodes amino acids for the bacteria from the host cell. Orignally in agro bacterium
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vir gene
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allows T- DNA to be transferred to the plant
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How does agrobacteria infect a plant
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agrobacterium is an opportunistic bacteria that affects you when you are weak
plant gets wounded, phenloic compounds are released. vir A detects it. vir G starts the transcription of other vir genes. vir D makes a nick on T-DNA to make it single stranded. VirB makes a channel between agrobacterium and plant cell. virE transports it into cell |
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What is Microbiota and why is it good
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microbes regularly found at a given anatomical site
protects you from harmful bacteria by using up the space on your body that could be used for worse bacteria |
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Bacteria associated with mucous membranes. Where does mucous come from. How does it help bacteria. Why is infection common here
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Mucous membranes are frequent sites of infection due to favorable environment for bacterial growth
Mucous is a carbon source for microbial cells. Mucous are polysaccharides made by cells |
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How does placque help micro-organisms that grow in your mouth. What results from a buildup of placque. What is Dental caries
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Extensive growth of oral microbes results in a thick bacterial layer, plaque. when the placque builds up it becomes large causing the anaerboic bacteria to have more protection from O2 so they work better. Placque results in genjivitis because of the acid build up. Acid decalcifies tooth anamal. This is called Dental caries
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Why are stomach and small intestine really aggresive towards bacteria. How can they survive.
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High acid content.
some survive if pass through very quickly some survive in food particles |
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Where is the largest microbial population found
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in the large intestine.
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How do you remove microbes from the large instine?
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Peristalsis - smooth muscle contracting in the large intestine
Desquamation- the removal of the epithelial cells Movement of mucus |
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What do microbes in the large intestine provide humans an offering of mutualism ( we come in peace take our goods and live on forever oh great humans)
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Vitamin B and K are really important from the intestinal microbes because our body does not naturally produce these
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what is Bacteroides thetaiontaomicron
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It only attaches to free floating exfloiting host cells and food particles and sloughed mucus.
Degrades complex carbohydrates. |
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what are the main micro organisms that breakdown food
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Bacteroides and Firmicutes
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What bacteria do fat people have less of than slim people
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less bacteriods more firmicutes
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What Firmicutes do? and what does it lead to?
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break down “indigestible” carbohydrates
More calories intake |
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Pathogenesis
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Ability of an organism to produce pathological change or disease that impairs host function
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Virulence is the
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quantitative measure of pathogenicity
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What is an Opportunistic pathogen
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causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance (e.g. fungal infections of AIDS victims)
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What is an Infection
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any situation in which microorganism is established and growing
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What is Attenuation
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The decrease or loss of virulence
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What is Toxicity
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Ability of an organism to cause disease through making a toxin that inhibits host cell function or kills host cells
Toxins can travel to sites within host that are not inhabited by the pathogen |
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What is Invasiveness?
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Ability of pathogen to grow in host tissue at densities that inhibit host function
Cause damage without producing a toxin USING UP THEIR SPACE |
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Pathogenesis, How is tissue damaged. List all the steps.
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Exposure to the pathogens > Adhere to skin or mucosa > Invasion thorough epithelium > colonization and growth of virulence factors >Toxicity or invasiveness cause > Tissue Damage Disease
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Adherence of a pathogen is based on ____________ antigens to epithelial cells
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specific
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What determines a where the infectious microbe is going to adhere to
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Infectious bacteria and viruses are specific for location and receptors
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Where does invasion start?
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Site of adherence
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Pathogens may grow locally at site of invasion or spread throughout the body
How do they spread |
via the circulatory or lymphatic systems
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What is LD50
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The dose required to kill 50%
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The lower the LD 50 the more/less pathogenic
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more
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LD50 and LD100 compared when the pathogen is highly virulent. Difference level ?
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small difference
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Virulence factor What is a virulence factor
examples? |
Anything that involves in making a n organism allowed to cause a disease
Enzymes |
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Enzymes that are virulence factors do what ?
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Enhance virulence by breaking down or altering host tissue to provide access to nutrients or allowed to adhere easier
Protect pathogen by interfering with normal host defense mechanisms |
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What does Hyaluronidase do
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breaks down hyaluronic acid that cements animal cells together
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What does Coagulase do ?
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beraks down collagen network
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LIST ALL THE VIRUlENCE FACTORS OF SALMONELLA
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LPS: Gram negative cell wall; outer membrane
Endotoxin: frequent in food-borne pathogens O-specific polysaccharide Iron uptake Siderophore: to aid growth Virulence plasmid: only in pathogenic strains Fimbriae: adherence Enterotoxin: exotoxin that affects small intestine |
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What are Exotoxins and what are the three different categories
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Proteins released from pathogenic organism as it grows
Cytolytic toxins AB toxins Superantigen toxins |
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What do Cytolytic exotoxins do
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it degrades cytoplasmic membrane causing the host cell to lysis
Hemolysins Broad range |
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What do AB toxins do
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Consist of A and B subunits
Work by binding to host cell receptor (B subunit) and transfer a damaging agent (A subunit) across the cell membrane |
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What is an example of a cytolytic exotoxin? and what does it do?
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Staphylococcal alpha-toxin. Creats an open channel in the cell mmembrane
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What is an example of an AB toxin? and what does it do ?
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Diptheria prevents transfer of amino acids to growing peptide chain in ribosome
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Botulinum Toxin blocks the release of ____________ to muscle tissue resulting in a ______________
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acetylcholine
permanent relaxed state |
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Where does the botulinum toxin come from
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Non steralized canned food
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Botox is inserting what into facial muscle
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botulinum toxin
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What do Superantigen toxins ? What does this result in ?
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almost the opposite of the botulism toxin.
Stimulate large numbers of immune cells to come. Result in extensive inflammation and tissue damage. Using your immune system against yourself. |
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Endotoxins are found where on cells? What are they known as ?
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On the cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide portion of cell wall of certain gram-negative Bacteria is a toxin when solubilized Less toxic than exotoxins |
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Campylobacter jejuni are found where ? It is the common cause of bacterial _________ in the world
What are the symptoms |
Foodborne found in poultry
Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world It causes paralysis |
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C. jejuni is an autoimmune disease. How does it work?
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its LPS components mimiic humans so when the immune system strikes, it attacks its own cells as well
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What is innate resistance?
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nonspecific barriers to prevent colonization of pathogens
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What is a compromised host?
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When one or more resistance mechanisms are inactive and therefore you are more susceptible to infection.
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What are the risk factors for infection?
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Age, stress, diet and lifestyle choices, genetic conditions, compromised host
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Why does age change the susceptibility of an individual to an infection?
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Very old or young individuals are more susceptible
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What is specific immunity?
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Complex, multi-pathway systems
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What are 3 types of specific immunity?
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Phagocytes in innate immunity, T-cell immunity, and antibody-mediated immunity
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What is the difference between phagocytes vs. T-cell immunity and anti-body immunity in specific immunity?
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Phagocytes are always in the body while the other 2 must be turned on.
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What do phagocytes do?
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They swallow things that are not supposed to be in the host
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What happens when an organism comes back that is already recognized in a host?
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The host has immune memory and therefore is immune against the organism.
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How is a vaccination given?
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You innoculate a pathogen with an attenuated or killed pathogen or chemically modified exotoxin
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Why do vaccinations work?
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To expose you to form immune memory to form the right types of antigens against it
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Why does flu mutate so fast?
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Because the specific antigens can mutate
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What is herd immunity?
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If enough people are immune to a pathogen then immunity to the pathogen will ensue.
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What are the mechanisms of transmission?
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Person-to-person, zoonotic, vectorborne, soilborne, waterborne, and foodborne
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What ways can pathogens be transmitted person to person?
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Airborne, direct contact, sexually transmitted
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What is zootonic transmission?
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Animal to person transmission
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Where are waterborne and foodborne pathogens usually found?
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Third world countries
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