Microbiology 251 Final

Front 1

Lag Phase

Back 1

Preparing to grow; not much change in cell number.

Adjustment; preparation.

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Log Phase

Back 2

Rapid exponential growth; cells dividing at maximum rate.

Huge increase in population

Cells more sensitive to stresses, such as antibiotics.

Front 3

Stationary Phase

Back 3

Nutrients are used up & wastes accumulate.

Division observed, but no net increase in the population. Just as many deaths as divisions.

Nutrients +++ Wastes ---

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Death Phase

Back 4

More deaths than new cells.

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Generation time

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Time it takes for binary fission (one cell splitting into 2 identical cells; doubling of population) to occur.

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Plate count

Back 6

Spread cells on plate and count resulting colonies.

Assessment of living cells; requires incubation.

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Direct count

Back 7

Examine and count the number of cells on a slide; Immediate, but cannot determine between cells that are dead or alive.

Count + Volume = Concentration

No incubation needed.

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Turbidity

Back 8

More cloudiness = more cells.

Measures dead and living cells but does not give us a cell number.

Not much of a death rate; requires incubation.

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Symbiosis

Back 9

Absolutely relying on one another; one will not survive w/o the other.

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Mutualism

Back 10

Both organisms benefit.

Front 11

Commensalism

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One benefits, but the other isn't harmed either way.

Front 12

Parasitism

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One benefits, but is causing harm to the other.

Front 13

Antibiotic

Back 13

Naturally occurring chemotherapeutic agent produced by microorganisms.

Inhibit & destroy microorganisms; reduce competition

Front 14

DNA Replication

Back 14

1. Helicase unzips DNA

2. RNA primers synthesized & are

complementary to DNA sequence.

3. DNA polymerase begins synthesis &

nucleotides are added in a 5'-3' direction.

4. Leading strands & lagging strands assembled.

5. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together.

Front 15

DNA Polymerase

Back 15

Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules.

Front 16

RNA Polymerase

Back 16

Enzyme that carries out transcription.

Front 17

Helicase

Back 17

Enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix

Front 18

ATP Synthase

Back 18

Enzyme with rotating subunits involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 19

Detergents

Back 19

Inserts and disrupts the cell membrane.

Front 20

Alcohol

Back 20

Used in membrane and cytoplasmic protein denaturation.

Front 21

Halogen

e.g. chlorine

Back 21

Froms irreversible protein crosslinks.

Front 22

Nonionizing Radiation

Back 22

Mutates DNA through thymine dimers. Non-penetrating; sterilize surface.

Front 23

Autoclaving

Back 23

Sterilizing moist heat.

Front 24

Pasteurization

Back 24

short 63-70 degree Celcius treatment

Front 25

To destroy endospores, we could use what?

Back 25

Cross linking chemicals

Front 26

Sulfa drugs block folate synthesis making them what?

Back 26

Competitive inhibitors

Front 27

Where transcription begins is determined by what region on a gene?

Back 27

Promotor

Front 28

The molecule that brings amino acids to be incorporated into a new polypeptide.

Back 28

tRNA

Front 29

What is a product of glycolysis?

Back 29

Pyruvate

Front 30

Many antibiotics inhibit translation by interacting with what?

Back 30

Ribosomes

Front 31

Catalase

Back 31

Converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.

Front 32

Sterilization

Back 32

Complete removal or destruction of all microbes and viruses.

Used on inanimate surfaces.

Front 33

Disinfectants

Back 33

Destroys most microbes on inanimate surfaces.

Front 34

Antisepsis

Back 34

Destroys most microbes on living surfaces.

Front 35

Decontamination

Back 35

Mechanical removal of most microbes from surfaces; wash off.

Front 36

Ionizing Radiation

Back 36

Sterilizes the interior of surfaces; damage DNA and proteins.

Gamma rays; X-rays

Front 37

Substrate

Back 37

Target molecule; reactant acted upon by an enzyme

Front 38

Active site

Back 38

Enzyme location where substrate binds.

Front 39

Allosteric site

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Secondary site bound by regulatory molecules; non competitive inhibitors bind here.

Front 40

Glycolysis

Back 40

Input: Glucose

Output: 2 Pyruvate & 2 NADH

ATP: 2 ATP (net gain)

No oxygen consumed.

Front 41

Krebs Cycle

Back 41

Input: 2 Pyruvate

Output: 8NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6CO2

ATP: 2 per glucose

Front 42

What is the theoretical maximum yield of aerobic respiration?

Back 42

38 ATP

Front 43

Transcription

Back 43

1. DNA is transcribed into RNA: mRNA, tRNA,

mRNA.

2. RNA polymerase synthesizes new RNA.

3. Sigma factors interact with RNA polymerase &

bring it to a promotor.

Front 44

Translation

Back 44

1. Transcribed sequence is read in 3 bases

(codon).

2. Codons determine the order of amino acids in

polypeptide.

3. mRNA & tRNA interact w/ each other and

brings appropriate amino acids.

Front 45

Silent Mutation

Back 45

Change to another codon for the same amino acid.

Front 46

Missense Mutation

Back 46

Change to a codon for a different amino acid.

Front 47

Nonsense Mutation

Back 47

Changes to a STOP codon.

Front 48

Transformation

Back 48

DNA taken up from environment.

Front 49

Transduction

Back 49

DNA moved by bacteriophage (viruses)

Front 50

Conjugation

Back 50

DNA transferred by pilus directly from one bacterial cell to another; "bacterial sex"

Front 51

How is resistance to penicillin caused?

Back 51

The enzyme Beta-lactamase breaks down the penicillins B-lactam ring.

Front 52

Prokaryotes have what type of cell wall?

Back 52

Peptidoglycan

Front 53

Isotopes

Back 53

Two atoms of an element that differ in numbers of neutrons.

Front 54

Non-Polar Electrons

Back 54

Electrons shared equally

Front 55

Polar electrons

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Electrons shared unequally

Front 56

Acids

Back 56

Donate H+

Front 57

Bases

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Accept H+

Front 58

Primary structure of a protein

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The amino acid sequence

Front 59

Secondary structure of a protein

Back 59

local folding

Front 60

Tertiary structure

Back 60

Overall shape of the polypeptide

Front 61

Quaternary structure

Back 61

interaction of two or more polypeptides

Front 62

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 62

Move from high to low concentration; down the concentration gradient

Front 63

Gram Positive

Back 63

Thick peptidoglycan layer

No outer membrane

No LPS

Contains teichoic acid

Front 64

Gram Negative

Back 64

Thin peptidoglycan layer

Outer membrane

LPS

Front 65

Monotrichous

Back 65

One flagellum at the end of the cell.

Front 66

Lophotrichous

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Bunch of flagella at one end of cell.

Front 67

Amphitrichous

Back 67

Flagellum at both poles of the cell.

Front 68

Peritrichous

Back 68

Flagella all over cell.

Front 69

What is the monomer for the polymer Nucleic Acid?

Back 69

Neucleotide

Front 70

What is the monomer for Polypeptides?

Back 70

Amino Acids

Front 71

What is the monomer for polysaccharides?

Back 71

Monosaccharide

Front 72

Cocci-

Back 72

Rounded; spherical

Front 73

Bacilli-

Back 73

Rods

Front 74

Vibrio-

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Comma shaped

Front 75

Spirochete

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Corkscrew

Front 76

What are the components of peptidoglycan?

Back 76

NAG N-acetyl glucosamine

NAM N-acetyl Muramic Acid

Peptide crosslinks

Front 77

Carbon can form up to how many single bonds?

Back 77

4

Front 78

Joseph Lister was known for what?

Back 78

Sterilizing surgical equipment.

Front 79

Robert Koch is known for what?

Back 79

Demonstrating a causative link between microbes and disease.

Front 80

What is Joseph Tyndall known for?

Back 80

Recognizing the existence of heat-resistant microbes.

Front 81

What is Robert Hooke known for?

Back 81

First describing cells after examining a piece of cork.

Front 82

Ionic bonds require what?

Back 82

A transfer of electrons

Front 83

Which element is found only in proteins?

Back 83

Sulfur

Front 84

Which element is found in Nucleic Acids?

Back 84

Phosphorus

Front 85

What is the defining feature of eukaryotic cell?

Back 85

The presence of a nucleus.

Front 86

A plasmid is what?

Back 86

A small, circular piece of DNA.

Front 87

What kind of ribosomes are in bacteria? Eukaryotes?

Back 87

Bacteria = 70S Ribosomes

(allows us to use antibiotics b/c 70S are affected)

Eukaryotes = 80S Ribosomes

Front 88

What is the reaction that assembles monomers into polymers?

Back 88

Dehydration Synthesis

Front 89

What are the immune cells that are resident in the tissues and patrol the body?

Back 89

Macrophages

Front 90

What are the immune cells that release bioactive compounds to destroy microbes?

Present in blood stream.

Back 90

Neutrophils

Front 91

Cytotoxic T cells target what?

Back 91

Infected host cells.

Front 92

Dendritic cells carry information where?

Back 92

T cells

Front 93

PAMPs are associated with what?

Back 93

Pathogenic cells

Front 94

Which antibody contributes to mucosal immunity?

Back 94

IgA

Front 95

An attenuated vaccine contains what?

Back 95

Live organisms

Front 96

Minimum number of cells necessary to cause disease.

Back 96

Infectious dose

Front 97

What kind of pathogen is able to cause disease in a healthy host?

Back 97

Primary pathogen

Front 98

A characteristic or feature that aids a pathogen in causing disease.

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Virulence factor

Front 99

Objective evidence of disease

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signs

Front 100

Why are exotoxins sensitive to heat?

Back 100

Because they are proteins which can be denatured by heat.

Front 101

Term for a hospital acquired infection

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nosocomial infection

Front 102

Disease outbreak spanning several countries

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Pandemic

Front 103

An animal in which a pathogen replicates, and from which the pathogen can spread to humans.

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Biological vector

Front 104

Term for a disease that can be acquired from the environment but can not spread from person to person.

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Non-communicable disease

Front 105

A disease with a steady number of cases in a particular geographic area.

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Endemic

Front 106

Term for a person who is infected, but not showing symptoms.

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Carrier

Front 107

Time between contact and first symptoms

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Incubation period

Front 108

Feeling of discomfort; body function is compromised

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Prodromal stage

Front 109

Period of most severe symptoms; most damage

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Period of Invasion

Front 110

Recovery; organisms being cleared

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Convalesence

Front 111

Tries to destroy microbes as soon as they enter the body.

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Innate Immune Response

Front 112

Forst encounter w/ a microbe, leading to memory of that microbe

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Primary response

Front 113

Foreign molecule that is recognized by immune cells that stimulate the production of an antibody

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antigen

Front 114

Study of when and where diseases occur in populations

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Epidemiology

Front 115

Outbreak of disease; higher than expected frequency.

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Epidemic

Front 116

Results from antigen exposure; could arise naturally or artificially.

Has memory

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Active Immunity

Front 117

Outside supply of antibodies; no antigen exposure.

No memory

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Passive Immunity

Front 118

Preparation of a pathogen or its products to induce active immunity

Back 118

vaccine

Front 119

Proteins linked to polysaccharides; make antigens easy to recognize

Back 119

Conjugate

Front 120

Chemicals that signal for fever.

Back 120

Pyrogens

Front 121

Shuts doen protein synthesis and prevents/stops translation.

Back 121

Interferons

Front 122

Small regions of antigens bound by antibodies.

Back 122

Epitopes

Front 123

Small foreign molecules; not good antigens until blinded to something larger

Back 123

Hapten

Front 124

Most abundant type of antibody.

Moves across placenta; antibodies present in newborns.

Back 124

IgG

Front 125

First class of antibodies produced upon pathogen encounter; adaptive immune response.

In blood

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IgM

Front 126

Secreted and associated with mucous membranes

Back 126

IgA

Front 127

If a host cell is covered in antibodies it is targeted by what?

Back 127

NK (natural killer) cells

Front 128

Koch's Postulates

Back 128

1. Microorganism must be present in every case

of the disease.

2. Microorganism must be grown in pure culture

from diseased hosts.

3. Same disease must be produced when a pure

culture of microorganism is introduced into

new host.

4. Same microorganism must be removed from

newly infected hosts.

Front 129

PRRs are found on what?

Back 129

Macrophages

Front 130

Complement proteins are present in an inactive form where?

Back 130

In the bloodstream

Front 131

In fermenation, where does the ATP come from?

Back 131

Glycolysis

Front 132

A halophile grows in what kind of environment?

Back 132

One with high salt content

Front 133

What did Ferdinand Cohn discover?

Back 133

Heat resistant form of bacteria called endospores.

Front 134

Short hair-like appendages used for attachment.

Back 134

Fimbriae

Front 135

Who linked doctors not washing their hands & hospital infections?

Back 135

Oliver Wendell Holmes & Semmelweis

Front 136

Valence electrons are shared between atoms

Back 136

Covalent bonds

Front 137

Interaction of charged particles (ions)

Back 137

Ionic bonds

Front 138

Tendency to attract electrons

Back 138

Electronegativity

Front 139

What joins 2 amino acid monomers together?

Back 139

Peptide bonds

Front 140

Mycobacterium contain what?

Back 140

Mycolic Acid