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79 Cards in this Set
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infective dose
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the expression of the virulence of a microbe
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ID50: infectious dose for 50% of a sample population
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nosocomial infection
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an infection that is acquired during a hospital stay
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epidemiology
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the science that studies when and where disease occur and how they are transmitted in populations
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LD50
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the potency of a toxin that is expressed as the lethal dose for 50% of a sample population
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epitope
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a specific region on the surface of an antigen against which antibodies are formed
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antigen
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any substance that causes antibody formation
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mutualism
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a type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms
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virulence
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a degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism
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pathogen
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a microorganism that causes disease
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fomite
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a nonliving object that can spread infection
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communicable
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disease that spreads from one host to another, either directly or indirectly
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symbiosis
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a relationship between 2 organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other
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B lymphocyte
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cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them
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white blood cells that act as the principal cell of the humoral immune response
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parasitism
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one organism that benefits by depriving nutrients at the expense of the other
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prodromal period
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follows incubation period, characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease
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zoonoses
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diseases that occur primarily in wild or domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans
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epidemic
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people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period of time
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carrier
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living resevoirs of infection that carry and spread disease
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endemic
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a disease constantly present in a region
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IgD
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functions in initiation of immune response on B lymphocytes
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IgA
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provides localized protection on mucosal surfaces
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IgM
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first class of antibodies to appear after exposure to an antigen
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IgE
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Releases inflamatory chemicals, like histamines, during allergic reaction
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IgG
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confers passive immunity to fetus
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antibody groups
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IgA
IgD IgE IgG IgM |
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3 characteristics that let bacteria evolve faster
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- biggest biotic potential = more offspring = fast evolution
- DNA exchange b/t other bacteria not just offspring - Haploid, only one set of genes, mutations are expressed and passed on |
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5 targets of antimicrobial therapy in bacteria
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-protein synthesis
-cell wall]-metabolism - dna synthesis - rna synthesis |
the antimicrobial therapy disrupts the normal functioning of the cell
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4 greatest pandemics in history of man
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-spanish flu
-black death -justinian plague - HIV/AIDS |
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4 greates microbial killers in history
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- malaria
- small pox - TB - plague |
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List antiprotozoals
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chloroquine
metronidazole tinidazole nitazoxanide |
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protist
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unicellular and simple multicellular eykaryotes; usually protozoa and algae
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transformation
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the process in which genes are transferred from one bacteria to another as "naked" DNA in a solution
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chitin
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a polysaccharide that is the principal structural component of the cell wall of fungi
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bacteristatic
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prevents microbes from growing
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bacteriophage
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a virus that infects bacterial cells
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sterilization
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the removal of all microorganisms, including endospores
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disinfectant
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a chemical used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
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fimbriae
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hairlike appendages involved in forming biofilms and helping bacterias adhere to the epithelial surfaces
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closed system
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an environment with a finite amount of nutrients with no removal of wastes
example: petri dish |
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mycosis
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fungal infection
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hardest to easiest to kill
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- prions
- endospores - mycobacteria - spores, cysts, eggs - inert viruses - gram positive - gram negative - enveloped viruses |
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fungi
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- many have hyphae
- most have chitinous cell walls and ergosterol in cell membrane - multi and unicellular - mostly saprophytic eukaryotes, absorbs dissolved organic matter through its plasma membrane |
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transcription factors
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anything that influences transcription
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transduction
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the transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a bacterio-phage
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gene
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a segment of DNA encoding a functional product
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plasmids
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extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome, usually only having a few genes, usually for drug resistance or toxins
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translation
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the process of translating the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA into the amino acid sequences of a protein
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hyphae
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long filaments of cells joined together that make up the body of a mold or fungus
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endospore
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a resting structure inside some bacteria
contains the cells DNA and is released in times of distress |
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transposon
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a small piece of DNA that can move from one molecule of DNA to another
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spore
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a reproductive structure formed by fungi and actinomycetes
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anticodon
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the 3 nucleotides by which tRNA recognizes an mRNA coodon
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codon
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a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide
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phenol coefficient
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measure of how effective a disinfectant is based on phenol. anything with a phenol coefficient over 1% is good
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3 characteristics unique to bacteria
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- lack nucleus
- greatest biotic potential - contain 70s ribosomes - evolve the fastest |
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3 characteristics always found in all cells
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- have both RNA and DNA
- have ribosomes at some stage of development - independent metabolism - have both cytoplasm and plasma membrane |
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3 characteristics of all living things
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- independent metabolism
- respond to environment - growth - extremely organized |
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characteristics unique to viruses
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- do not have their own ribosomes -->ribosome stealers
- have either RNA or DNA, not both - inert outside of cells - no plasma membrane, but have a capsid |
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psychrophiles
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cold loving microbes
can grow at 0 celcius with optimum groth b/t 15 and 20 - 30 |
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thermophiles
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heat loving microbe
an organism whose optimum growth temperature is b/t 50 and 60 celcius |
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mesophiles
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moderate-temperature loving microbes
an organism that grows b/t about 10 celcius and 50 celcius |
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aerobe
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an organism that uses oxygen
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anaerobe
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an organism that does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it
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taxonomic hierarchy
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- domain
- kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genius - species |
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phenolics
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- derivatives of phenol
- contain a molecule of phenol that has been chemically altered to reduce its irritating qualities or increase its antibacterial activity in combination with a soap or detergent |
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disinfection
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any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
- disinfectant |
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sanitation
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treatment intended to lower microbialk counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels
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sepsis
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- bacterial contamination
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asepsis
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absence of significant contamination
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antisepsis
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a chemical method of disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; anti-septic
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death phase
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the period of loagarithmic decrease in a bacterial population; also called log decline phase
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stationary phase
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the period in a bacterial growth curve when the # of cells dividing equals the # dying
- period of equilibrium |
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log phase
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the period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell #s; also called exponential growth phase
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lag phase
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the interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth
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peptidoglycan
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found both in gram positive and gram negative cell walls
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bacterium
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simple organism with great biotic potential
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virus
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simple particle with genetic marterial that is inert outside of a cell
no ribosomes |
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genetic info can be exchanged by....
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1) transformation: genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA
2) conjugation: mediated by plasmid; direct cell to cell contact 3) transduction: bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria |
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nucleoide
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contains the cell's DNA in prokaryotic cells
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