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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is weakly Gram + but stains better with an acid-fast stain?
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Myobacterium
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What has a Wax D layer and what is it made of?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it is made up of mycolic acid or mycosis (mycolic acid bound to a carbohydrate, forming a glycolipid).
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What has a Cord Factor and what is it?
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Acid fast bacteria have it and it is a component of mycolic acid.
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What is an example of partially acid fast bacteria?
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Nocardia
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Example of Acid Fast bacteria
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Myobacteria
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What are examples of Aggresins?
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Factors that contribute to invasiveness of pathogenic bacteria: flagella, capsule, toxins, coenzymes (spreading factors) such as Coagulase, Catalase, Hyaluronidase, Lecithinase, Fibrinolysisn, Penicillinase, DNAse, pili
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What is commensal?
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Another term for Natural Flora.
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Where Staph is found all over body?
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Staphylococcus epidermis
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What staph is found in the vaginal region? Mostly in adolescent females.
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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What is the most common cause of UTI in the US?
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E. Coli
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What is most common cause of UTI in senior citizens?
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Staphylococcus epidermis
p. 83 |
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What is pili? Are they in Gram + or -?
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An aggresin used for conjugation and adhesins. Used to grab hold of victim. Found in BOTH Gram +/-.
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Example of Gram+ bacteria with pili in oral cavity?
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Streptococii viridans (oral cavity)
p. 73 |
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Corynbacterium renale and actinomyces naeslundii are Gram+ or - and contain?
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Gram + and contain pili
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What causes dental caries (cavities)?
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Streptococci mutans
p. 73 |
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Examples of Gram- bacteria with pili?
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E. coli, Klebsiella, Prteus, Pseudomonas species
p. 72 |
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T or F, Bacteria contains cholesterol in the cell membrane? If not is there an exception?
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FALSE, except mycoplasma pneumonia
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Does bacteria have a peptidoglycan layer?
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Yes, except for mycoplasma and chlamydia.
p. 16 |
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What is the primary immune response to bacterial invasion, is there an exception?
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Neutrophilia EXCEPT Bordetella (which undergoes lymphocytosis)
p. 102 |
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What is the primary immune response to viral invasion?
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Lymphocytosis
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What is the primary immune response to parasitic invasion?
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Eisonophilia
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What causes whooping cough?
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Bordetella pertussis
p. 101 |
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What is primarily an animal pathogen whooping cough?
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
p. 101 |
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What causes a MILDER form of whooping cough?
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Bordetella parapertussis
p. 101 |
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Is the bacteria erysiplathris Gram+,- or both? What is it famous for?
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It is Gram+ and famous for cellulitis in fish mongers.
p. 123 |
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Is the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis Gm+,-, or both? What morphology?
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Gram -. Cocci and appears in pairs.
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All Neisseria are ________ _________ pathogens. They have ____. And are Ig___
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mucous membrane pathogens, they have pili and IgAase +.
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Which organism causes pyoarthritis?
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Neisseria gonorrheae
p. 94 |
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Which bacteria is omnipresent and implicated in nosocomial infections? How is it ID'd?
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Pseudomonad aeruginosa. Indicated by blue-green pus. (pyocyanin & pyoverdin)
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In a Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, sputum will be _______ in color due to ________.
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brownish, pyorubin
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Which bacteria is associated with autolysin (lyses both the macrophage & the bacteria)?
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Streptococcus pneumonia
p. 91 |
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What is phenol? Is it used as a disinfectant or antiseptic?
p. 27 |
Bactericidal & sporicidal. DISINFECTANT
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What is alcohol? Disinfectant and/or antiseptic?
p. 27 |
Bactericidal, fugicidal & tuberculocidal. BOTH
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Formaldehyde and glutereraldehyde? And used for?
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Are both bactericidal and sporicidal. Used as a preservative.
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Halogens are BOTH _______ & _______. Cl is usually used for? Iodine?
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bactericidal and sporicidal. Cl water purification, Iodine antiseptic.
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Iodophores are used more because...?
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They are non-toxic.
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How do you disinfect plastic tubes that connot be autoclaved?
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Ethylene oxide is used. Requires relative humidity of 39%, moisture must be present, dry spores are highly resistant.
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4 phases of bacterial growth are...
p. 21 |
1)Lag phase-bac. getting acclimated 2) Exponential?Log Phase-growth 3)Stationary phase-Death 4) Death phase-death exceeds growth
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What is the most effective method of sterilization?
p. 26 |
Autoclaving at 121° C for 15 minutes at 15 lbs per square inch steam pr.
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What is hyaluridinase? What group?
p. 31 |
Secreted by Streptococcus pyogens to permit the spreading of the bacteria throughout the body. Streptococcus group A & Staphylococcus aureus produce it as well. Aggresin.
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Definition of Virulence?
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Degree of an organisms pathogenicity.
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What are the growth requirements of bacteria (aerobic/anaerobic)?
p. 22-24 |
Aerobic-need O2. Anaerobic-cannot live in the presence of O2
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What is facultative anaerobes?
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Bacteria that can grow in both the presence and absence of O2.
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What is a Microaerophilic?
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Bacteria which requires a small amount of O2 for optimal growth.
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2 examples of a microaerophilic organism...
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Campylobacter jejuni & Streptococcus.
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An example for an obligate aerobe bacteria and found where?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis found in the lungs.
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Most human pathogens are under _______, _______ and ________.
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Facultatie anaerobes, mesophilic, and heterotrophs.
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In terms of Carbon use, these depend on organic carbon?
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Heterotrophs
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Autotrophs use...?
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Inorganic Carbon
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Temp requirements for Psychrophiles, Mesophils, and Thermophils
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Psy10-20° C, Meso 20-45° C, Thermo 45-90° C
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What is NAG and NAM?
p. 16 |
Carbohydrate components of the peptidoglycan layer.
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What kind of linkage for the peptide bonds?
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Beta 1, 4 linkages
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What breaks down glucosidic linkages?
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Penicillins and Lysozymes
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What is the function of techie acid? Where is it found? Promotes what?
p. 17 |
Function is bacterial adherence, found in Gram+, promotes inflammation.
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What is the function of dipicolic acid?
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Aids in heat resistance in endospores along with Calcium (Calcium dipicolinate).
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Which is considered an immunoadjuant?
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Mycolic acid/Wax D layer
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What bacteria is most susceptible to lysozyme action?
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Gram + due to peptidoglycan layer being exposed.
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Which bacteria has the Bayer's junction?
p.18 |
Gram -
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Which bacteria has hydrated peptidoglycan?
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Gram -
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Which bacteria has porins?
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Gram -
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Which is poorly antigenic? Endo or Exotoxin
p.17-18 |
Endotoxin
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Stable at 100°C? Endo or Exotoxin p. 17-18
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Endotoxin
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Which is destroyed at 60°C? Endo or Exotoxin
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Exotoxin
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Which is highly toxic? Endo or exotoxin
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Exotoxin
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Which forms a toxoid (loses toxicity but not anitgenicity)? Endo or exotoxin
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Exotoxin
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Which causes release of pyrogens and bradykinins? Endo or exotoxin
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Endotoxin (Gm- sepsis: typical features vasogenic shock, delirium)
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Protein A is found in...? Function of Protein A?
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Staphyloccocus aureus. Fx is to inhibit phagocytosis.
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Protein M found in...? Fx is...?
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Streptococcus pyogens. Fx is to inhibit phagocytosis.
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Protein F found in...? Fx is...?
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Streptococcus Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes). Fx is pharyngeal cell adhesion
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What causes scalded skin syndrome? p. 83
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Staphylococcus Aureus. (Nikolski's sign=sand paper texture & Pastia's lines=similar to joint lines are associated with scalded skin syndrome)
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What causes Toxic Shock Syndrome?
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Staphlococcus Aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes less commonly.
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If a mother's birth canal has been infected by Neisseria Gonorrhea, what is the risk for the child going through?
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Ophtalmia Neonatorum (bilateral purulent conjunctivitus)
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IgM and IgA levels are elevated. What is happening?
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Mucosal infection by VIRUS.
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Infection of Vieremia (viruses in the blood)?
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IgG, IgM
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Pyogenic bacterial infection, what to be expected?
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Neutrophilia
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Public health measures agians whooping cough p. 102
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Isolate the patient for 4-6 wks, vaccinate children under 4 yrs.
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In order to grow Neisseria p. 92
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Thayer-Martiin VCN (chocolate Agar with VCN) vancomycin, colistin, nystatin
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In order to grow Bordetella p. 102
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Bordet-Gengon agar, as well as Regan-Lowe agar
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Neisseria cell characteristics p. 93
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Have pili, no flagella, motility is twitching, cocci, seen in pairs.
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25 yr old walks into office w stiff neck & find nuchal rigidity, fever, petechial rashes, what is most suspicious agent? p. 96-97
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Possibly Neisseria meningitis
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How do you distinguish between Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitides p. 94-97
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From the oxidation of glucose and maltose. Gonorrhea only glucose. Meningitidis=both glucose and maltose also has a capsule.
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If you have Neisserian Meningtidis as a pathogen.
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Nasopharyngeal swab +, spinal tap usually doesn't appear in CSF. Haemophlus influenza however, you will find a significant number of pathogens in CSF.
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Who gets Haemophilus Influenzae more p 98-99?
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Young children up to age 8 where they acquire natural immunity.
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If you have Neisseria meningitis, what are the complications p. 97?
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome: bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, ciruclatory collapse, 8th nerve deafness, CNS deficit (seizures). If patient has complications with the men, deafness is part of picture. This men is usually treated with tetracycline which can also cause deafness.
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What is normal RBC count? Average diameter RBC?
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4.1-6 million per uL if less than 4-6 anemic. Avg diameter of RBC 7-8um, if less microcytic anemia (iron deficit). If greater macrocytic anemia (B12 deficit)
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