Microbiology 205 Clarissa Week 15

Front 1

The scientific study of disease is called?

Back 1

pathology

Front 2

the cause of the disease is called?

Back 2

etiology

Front 3

what are pathogens?

Back 3

disease causing organisms

Front 4

what is pathogenesis?

Back 4

the manner in which the disease develops

Front 5

What is the difference between infection and disease?

Back 5

disease can occur without the involvement of microbes. Infection can occur without disease actually developing.

Front 6

what are normal flora?

Back 6

microbes that are considered normal inhabitant in animal bodies that do not produce disease under normal conditions

Front 7

how do normal flora fight against the pathogens?

Back 7

compete for nutrients, produce substances harmful to pathogens, change pH or oxygen levels in a way harmful to the pathogens

Front 8

what is parasitism?

Back 8

one organism benefits and the other is harmed. ex)pathogens

Front 9

what is commensalism

Back 9

one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected. ex) bacteria found on sloughed off skin cells or bacteria found in eyes or ears.

Front 10

what are opportunistic pathogens?

Back 10

organisms that do not cause disease under normal condition but in case of broken skin, damaged mucous membranes or weakened host these organisms can cause disease.

Front 11

what does synergism mean in microbe world?

Back 11

the effect of two microbes together is greater than the effects of either acting alone.

Front 12

give one reason why Koch's postulates sometimes cannot be used

Back 12

some microbes cannot be grown on lab media, some disease are not always cuased by the same pathogen, some pathogens can cause more than one disease condition, some only grown in human host

Front 13

Explain how the diesease is spread

Back 13

communicable disease, contagious disease, noncommunicable disease

Front 14

what is endemic disease?

Back 14

always present in a particular population

Front 15

what is pandemic disease?

Back 15

worldwide epidemic

Front 16

what is latent disease?

Back 16

causative agent enters the body but remains dormant for some period of time.

Front 17

what is sepsis?

Back 17

toxic condition arising from the spread of microbes or their toxins from a focus of infection

Front 18

what is viremia?

Back 18

presence of viruses in the blood

Front 19

define secondary infection

Back 19

caused by opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defense

Front 20

List stages of development of disease

Back 20

incubation period, prodromal period, illness, decline, and convalescence

Front 21

Give two examples of nonliving reservoirs

Back 21

soil and water

Front 22

List contact transmission of disease

Back 22

direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet

Front 23

what are vectors?

Back 23

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another. examples are insects, ticks, mites.

Front 24

Name a couple of diseases transmitted by vectors.

Back 24

malaria, yellow fever, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever

Front 25

what are nosocomial infection?

Back 25

infections acquired in the hospital

Front 26

Name common organisms that are found in the hospital environment

Back 26

S. aureus
E. coli
P. aeruginosa
Enterococcus

Front 27

Define morbidity and mortality

Back 27

morbidity is the number affected and mortality is the death rate

Front 28

What are biofilms?

Back 28

masses of microbes produce extracellular products that can attach to living and nonliving surfaces

Front 29

Give an example of biofilms

Back 29

dental plaque on your teeth, scum on the shower doors,
algae on the walls of swimming pools

Front 30

Identify the principal portals of entry

Back 30

mucous membrane, skin,, parenteral route

Front 31

What is the significance of preferred portal of entry

Back 31

many pathogens have a preferred portal of entry that is a prerequisite to their being able to cause disease.

Front 32

Define ID50

Back 32

infectious dose for 50%of a sample population.

Front 33

Define LD50

Back 33

lethal dose for 50% of a sample population

Front 34

how microbes adhere to host cells?

Back 34

use adhesins or ligans that binds to receptos on the cells of certain host tissues.

Front 35

Explain how capsules contribute to pathogenicity

Back 35

impairs phagocytosis.

Front 36

Name one bacterium that contain capsule

Back 36

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

Front 37

What is M protein?

Back 37

heat ressistant and acid resistant protein found on both the cell surface and fimbriae; mediates attachment of the bacterium to epithelial cells of the host and helps the bacterium resist phagocytosis by white blood cells.

Front 38

Which enzyme clots the fibrinogen in blood

Back 38

coagulase

Front 39

which enzyme break down fibrin and thus digest clots formed by the body to isolate the infection?

Back 39

kinases

Front 40

Which enzyme hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid

Back 40

hyaluronidase

Front 41

Give an example of antigenic variation

Back 41

activate alternative genes that results in antigenic changes; example) N. gonorrhoeae

Front 42

Explain how bacterial pathogens damage host cells.

Back 42

use host's nutrients, direct damage, toxins, inducing hypersensitivity

Front 43

what are siderophores

Back 43

iron binding proteins

Front 44

what type of bacteria produce exotoxins?

Back 44

gram positive or gram negative.; carried on bacterial plasmids or phages

Front 45

what type of bacteria produce endotoxins?

Back 45

gram negative bacteria

Front 46

Name 3 types of exotoxins

Back 46

A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, superantigens

Front 47

The lipid portion of LPS is called?

Back 47

lipid A

Front 48

What is aflatoxin?

Back 48

toxin taht has carcinogenic properties

Front 49

Algae can produce what kind of toxins?

Back 49

neurotoxins

Front 50

what does it mean by selective toxicity?

Back 50

kills harmful microbs without damaging the host

Front 51

Penicillin G is narrow or broad spectrum antibiotic?

Back 51

narrow spectrum that affects gram positive bacteria.

Front 52

List 5 modes of action of anitmicrobial drugs

Back 52

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, injury to the plasma membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of synthesis of essential metobolites

Front 53

name one drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis

Back 53

penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, cephalothin, oxacillin

Front 54

Which tests are used for microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents

Back 54

the diffusion methods and broth dilution test