Microbiology 2004C Exam 1 (Chs, 1 2 3 6 7)

Front 1

What is biology?

Back 1

the study of living organisms

Front 2

what is microbiology

Back 2

the study of microbes

Front 3

what are the two subdivisions of microbes

Back 3

1. living (cellular) - bacteria archaea, some algae, all protazoa, some fungi 2.non living (Acellular)- viruses, and prions

Front 4

what percent of pathogenic viruses are harmful

Back 4

3%

Front 5

what are pathogenic viruses

Back 5

harmful aka: germs

Front 6

how many more microbes are present in our bodies than total number of cells

Back 6

10X

Front 7

what is micro flora/indigenous micro flora

Back 7

the microbes that inhibit the growth of bad microbes; occupying space, eating all the food present and secreting material to inhibit/kill the other microbes

Front 8

what are opportunistic microbes

Back 8

microbes waiting for your micro flora to go down so they can get you sick

Front 9

what are decomposers/saphrophytes

Back 9

microbes that decompose organisms and waster products

Front 10

what is bioremediation

Back 10

microbes that are normal or genetically engineered

Front 11

what are the elemental cycles that microbes are involved in

Back 11

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus

Front 12

what serves as food for tiny animals

Back 12

algae and bacteria

Front 13

what helps humans digest

Back 13

e. coli

Front 14

what helps termites digest

Back 14

protazoa

Front 15

what is biotechnology

Back 15

the use of microbes from the derivatives to make useful products or processes

Front 16

what is genetic engineering

Back 16

adding genes to a microbe to make a product

Front 17

what are the two disease causing microbes

Back 17

1. infectious diseases 2. microbial intoxication

Front 18

what is microbial intoxication

Back 18

ingesting a toxin, microbe doesn't kill you. what the microbe made kills you

Front 19

what are Aseptic techniques

Back 19

washing hands, keeping really clean

Front 20

how many years ago did microbes appear

Back 20

3.5 billion

Front 21

what two microbes were the first to appear on earth

Back 21

cyanobacteria and archaea

Front 22

who was anton leeuwenhoek

Back 22

"father of microbiology" made microscopes as a hobby, invented the first simple microscope, called microbes animalcules, came up with theory of abiogenesis

Front 23

what is the theory of abiogenesis

Back 23

can microbes come from non living matter

Front 24

who is louis pasteur

Back 24

french chemist, "foundation of microbiology" discovered ways to kill pathogens (high heat, known at pasteurization) disproved spontaneous generation, developed vaccines

Front 25

what is spontaneous generation

Back 25

do things just appear

Front 26

who is robert koch

Back 26

german phycisian, came up with the germ theory (anthrax made spores) stained bacteria cause it has no color, had 4 postulates

Front 27

what were robert koch's postualtes

Back 27

1. microbe has to be present in dead organisms but not live ones 2. microbe must be able to grow in pure culture 3. microbe put back into healthy organism- does the organism die? 4. microbe has to math identically in the one from step 2

Front 28

what are some exceptions to koch's postulates

Back 28

some microbe are in-vitro and cant grow in a lab. some diseases are specific to animals, some are intracellular (need host cell to survive) ex: viruses chlamydia
other diseases arent caused by pathogens (like cancer)

Front 29

what is the metric system

Back 29

decimeter 10^-1 centimeter 10^-2 millimeter 10^-3 micrometer 10^-6 nanometer 10^-9

Front 30

how long are most viruses

Back 30

10-300 nm

Front 31

how long can protazoa reach

Back 31

2,000 micrometers (2mm)

Front 32

what is a microscope

Back 32

a tool used to view objects that cant be seen with the naked eye

Front 33

what is the limit of the microscope known as

Back 33

the resolving power/ resolution

Front 34

what do we measure cells with

Back 34

ocular micrometer

Front 35

describe simple microscope

Back 35

single lens, images are only 3-20x

Front 36

what is the compound microscope

Back 36

uses two lens, can magnify up to 1,000 times

Front 37

who used the first compound microscope

Back 37

hans jansen

Front 38

what are photomicrographs

Back 38

pictures taken with the microscope

Front 39

how long is lights wavelength

Back 39

.45 micrometers

Front 40

what is the limit of the wavelength, and what does that mean

Back 40

0.2 micrometers, meaning you cant see anything smaller than that

Front 41

describe compound light microscope

Back 41

two lenses, 1. ocular (10x) 2. objective (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)

Front 42

what is total magnification

Back 42

ocular times objective

Front 43

what is the dry objective lense

Back 43

studies algae and protazoa (4x, 10x, 40x)

Front 44

what is the oil-immersion lens

Back 44

views bacteria (100x)

Front 45

what is the human eyes resolving power

Back 45

.02mm meaning anything smaller than that looks as one

Front 46

what is the brightfield microscope

Back 46

when objects are viewed against a light background

Front 47

what is a darkfield microscope

Back 47

when objects are viewed against a dark background. but here you dont actually see the object, you see the light around it

Front 48

what is the phase-contrast microscope

Back 48

used to view unstained specimens

Front 49

what is the fluorecent microscope

Back 49

uses UV light that excited dye attached to specimen

Front 50

what is the electron microscope

Back 50

used to see extremely small objects like viruses, nothing viewed is living. inside a vacuum

Front 51

what are the two types of electron microscopes and what do they do

Back 51

1. transmission- used to study inside the cell
2. scanning- used to study outside the cell

Front 52

what is the atomic force microscope

Back 52

views living organisms in the water

Front 53

what is the cell

Back 53

the fundamental unit of any living organism

Front 54

what is metabolism and what does it do

Back 54

all the chemical reaction that occur within a cell, allows a cell to reproduce

Front 55

what are bacterial cells

Back 55

that have all characteristics of life, they're unicellular (only one cell) known as prokaryotes

Ex: cells from the bacteria and archaea kingdom

Front 56

what are eukaryotes

Back 56

more complex cells, include humans animals algae fungi

Front 57

what is an example of a cell that is prokaryote and eukaryote

Back 57

virus

Front 58

what are viruses

Back 58

regressive or reverse evolution, they require the host cell to survive, composed of a few genes protected by a protein coat

Front 59

what is cytology

Back 59

the study of the structure and the function of cells

Front 60

eukaryote cell structure

Back 60

named because it has a true nucleus
10x larger than prokaryotes
animal and plant cells are about 10-30 micrometers in length

Front 61

eukaryotes cell membrane

Back 61

it incloses and hold the cell intact
aka: plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane or cellular membrane
regulates the passage of nutrients, wastes products and secretion in and out the cell

Front 62

eukaryotes nucleus

Back 62

controls function of the entire cell 3 components
1. nucleoplasm- type of protoplasm
2.chromosome- where DNA is found
3. Nuclear membrane- membrane that serves as skin
Nucleolus is where rRNA molecules are made

Front 63

eukaryotes cytoplasm

Back 63

type of protoplasm- gelatin structure, nutrient matrix is what keeps it in the circular form
enzymes are mostly found here

Front 64

eukaryotes endoplasmic reticulum ER

Back 64

Rough- contains many ribosomes attached to outer membrane
smooth- no ribosomes attached
proteins have to go through this

Front 65

eukaryotes ribosomes

Back 65

mainly consist of rRNA and proteins
-cluster is known as polyribosome or polysome
-held together by single molecule of mRNA
-composed of two subunits together 80S large 60S small 40S
held together until protein synthesis initiates

Front 66

eukaryotes Golgi apparatus

Back 66

continuation of ER
-known as the golgi body
-complex of flattened sacs
has to go through three phases for proteins to mature

Front 67

what are eukaryotes lysosomes

Back 67

small vesicles that originate in the Golgi apparatus

Front 68

what are eukaryotes peroxisomes

Back 68

membrane-bound vesicles

Front 69

eukaryotes mitochondria

Back 69

high energy in the form of ATP(needed for a lot of funtions)
-known as the power plant of the cell
-number present in the cell depends on cell size
-most ATP is made in the mitochondria through respiration
-active cells need more mitochondria than less active cells

Front 70

eukaryotes plastids

Back 70

found in plants and mitochondria
-produces energy
-chloroplasts contain chlorphyl- found in plants and agae

Front 71

eukaryotes cytoskeleton

Back 71

present through cytoplasm- system of fibers to strengthen and support the cell

Front 72

what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

Back 72

1. microtubules- hollow tubes composed of protein
2. microfilaments- actin filaments
3. intermediate filaments

Front 73

eukaryotes cell wall

Back 73

not all ekaryotes have cell walls
-provides shape and protection
-simpler than prokaryotic cell wall

Front 74

what is flagella

Back 74

help with movement
-long think structures that make the cell motile
-has a tail to help it move (like a sperm)
cells contain 1 or 2

Front 75

what is cilia

Back 75

shorter and thinner than flagella
cells contain more than two

Front 76

prokaryote cell structure

Back 76

cells are about 10 times smaller than ekaryotes
no nucleus
reproduce through binary fission (1 cell-> 2 cell -> 4 cell)
usually contains cell wall
no membrane bound organelles

Front 77

prokaryotes cell membrane

Back 77

many enzymes are attached to it
known as mesosomes
similar in structure to eukaryotic counterpart

Front 78

prokaryotic chromosomes

Back 78

single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule duplicates itself and guides cell division
we have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 79

prokaryotes plasmids

Back 79

small circular molecules of dsDNA
not part of the chromosome
may contain few to hundreds of genes
helps bacteria survive
helps cell survive longer and better

Front 80

prokaryotes cytoplasm

Back 80

everything cell needs to grow is found here

Front 81

prokaryotes cytoplasmic particles

Back 81

most are ribosomes and polyribosomes
smaller than eukaryotes
together 70s (large 50S small 30S)
can be stained

Front 82

prokaryotes bacterial cell wall

Back 82

more complex than eukaryotes
two types Gram negative and gram positive
gram negative is thinner and gram positive is thicker
peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria
differences is how much peptidoglycan is present

Front 83

prokaryotes without cell wall

Back 83

some bacteria loses ability to produce cell wall
Ex: mycoplasma never makes cell wall
but isnt a weak bacteria
over 50 bacterias like this
hard to grow in labs

Front 84

prokaryotes glycocalyx

Back 84

slimy and gelatinous mateiral produced by the cell membrane
two types

Front 85

what are the two types of glycocalyx

Back 85

slime layer and capsule
slime layer- snotty and hangs around cell wall
capsule- attaches to cell wall firmly- can be stained

Front 86

prokaryotes capsule

Back 86

can be seen with special staining technique
-encapsulated bacteria appear slimy and smooth on agar plates (S-colonies)
-nonencapsulated bacteria appears dry and rough colonies (R-colonies)

Front 87

prokaryotes flagella

Back 87

allow bacteria to move
1. monotrichos- one on one end
2. amphitrichous- one on both ends
3. lophotrichous- a bunch in one spot (polar)
4. peritrichous- everywhere
can be stained
not membrane bound

Front 88

prokaryotes pili and fimbriae

Back 88

hair like structures mostly observed in gram-negative bacteria (very thin and a lot)
not associated with motility- much thinner than flagella
two types 1. allows for the bacteria to attach to surface
2. sex pillus allows for the exchange of DNA material

Front 89

prokaryotes spores

Back 89

made by some bacteria when the environment is no longer favorite
creates spores through replication
can last through pretty much any condition

Front 90

prokaryotes cell reproduction

Back 90

undergo binary fission

Front 91

what is generation time

Back 91

the time it takes for prokaryotic cells to undergo binary fission
-could be ten minutes or hours

Front 92

what is taxonomy

Back 92

the science of classification of living organisms
- three areas

Front 93

what are the three areas of taxonomy

Back 93

1. classification -
2. nomenclature- naming the organism
3. identification- is the specimen new?

Front 94

what is microbial classification

Back 94

organism is given two names
- first is the genus
-second is the specific epithet
-first name is capitalized and the whole thing is either italicized or underlined NEVER BOTH

Front 95

what is the 5 kingdom system

Back 95

1969 robert whittaker
1. bacteria and archeae
2.algae and protazoa
3.fungi
4.plants
5.animals
viruses arent apart of the kingdom- non-living

Front 96

whats the 3 domain system

Back 96

1970's carl woese
prokaryotes- archaea and bacteria
ekaryotes- eukarya

Front 97

what is the 5 kingdom based off of

Back 97

unicellular or multicellular and how they eat

Front 98

what is the 3 domain based off of

Back 98

DNA differences