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241 Cards in this Set
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in 1717 mary montagu reported that in turkey
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an old woman comes with a nutshell full of the matter of the best sort of small small pox and ansk what veins you please to have open
and puts the venom with needle into |
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variolation
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old woman with a nutshell
full - small pox which vein. stabs and infects |
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Edward Jenner
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received variolation
physician dairymaids discovery |
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to honor jenners work the vaccination is from the word
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vacca- cow
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coined by louis pastuer
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diptheria vaccine
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purified diptheria toxooid
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every 10 years
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menningococcal meningitis vaccine
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purified polysacchararide from neisseria meningitis
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pertussis vaccine
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killed whole or acellular fragments of the pertussis
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children prior to chool age
and for high risk adults |
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pneumonococcal pneumonia
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purified polysaccharide. from streptococcus pneumonia
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adults with certain chronic disease people over 65 children 2-23months
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tetanus
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purified tetanus toxoid
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every 10 years
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influenzae type b meningitis
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polysaccharide from HIB conjugated with protein to enhance effectiveness
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children prior to school
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chlorination of drinking water
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wiped out the diarrheal type infectious diseases
typhoid fever dystentery etc |
once the major killer of infants and children
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pool chlorination
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prevention of microorganisms
the nasopharyngeal wash |
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microorganism contamination includes
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hepatitis A and polio
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advances leading to the conquest of infectious disease
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treatment of sewage
development of chemotherapy utilization of mass immunization protocols for children chlorination of the drinking water |
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there is a process of compost where
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microorganismal changes occur where there are changes in eating and changing
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chrholination of the drinking water by public health wiped out the diarrheal-type infectious diseases these include
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typhoid fever
dyssentery and others |
once the major killer of infants and children
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the major killer of infants in the 1800-1900
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diarrheal pneumonial complex or enteric fevers
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major leading causes of death in the USA population in order of severity in 1900
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TB
heart attack flu pneumonia diptheria |
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NOW the major diseases are
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heart attack
cancer accidents kidney disease influenza |
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HIB vaccine
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this is the cause of meningitis in the infants of under 5 category
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HIB vaccine
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poolysaccharide from HIB conjugated with protein to enhance effectiveness
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should be in children prior to school age
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vaccine from the word
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jenner and his cows
vacca - vaccine by pasteur |
jenner the field doctor
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herd immunity
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is where most of the population is already immune
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influenza vaccine
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an inactivated virus nasally administered vaccind with weakend virus
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for the chronically ill
resp and over 65 also should be taken annually |
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measles vaccine
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weakend virus
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infants age 15 months
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mumps vaccine
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weakend virus
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infants age 15 months
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rubella vaccine
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weakened virus for infants 15months or childbearing age mothers
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chickenpox vaccine
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weakend virus
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infants under 1
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poliomyelitis vaccine
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killed virus for the exposure risks
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rabies vaccine
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killed virus
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for those in contact with wildlife
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hep b vaccine is
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antigenic fragment of virus
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health care workers
homsexual males iv drug users multiple sex partners lasts 7 years |
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HEP A vaccine
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inactivated virus for those traveling to the endemic areas and protecting contacts during outbrekes
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lasts 10 years
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smallpox vaccine
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is the actual live vaccinia virus
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only for certain healthcare personnel
and lasts from 3-5 years |
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attenuated whole agent vaccines
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these are where they use living but weakened microbes
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immunity occurs lifelong expecially with
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viruses
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booster shots make them 95 percent effective
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examples of weakend vaccines are the
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sabin polio
measles mumps MMR |
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where do attenuated viruses come from
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they are fround from long deribved mutations accumuylated during a long term cultyure
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the danger of these
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is the back mutation making it turn into a potent killer.
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schedule of childhood immunizations
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HEP B if mother
Dip tet pert aka DTAP hib IPV and PCV all in the beginning |
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right before school
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FLU
MMR Varicella aka chicken pox |
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inactivated whole agent vaccines
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these use microbes that have been killed usually by formalin or phenol
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aka influenza polio cholera
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Toxoids
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inactivated toxins are vaccines directed at the toxins produced by a pathogen
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subunit vaccines
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these use only those fragments of a microorganism that best stimulate an immune response.
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recombinant vaccines
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the vaccine against hep b is a portion of the viral protein coat that is produced by a genetically engineered yeast
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acellular vaccines
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used for pertussis is where a subunit is used where it cannot reproduce int he recipient and contain little or no extraneous material and less side effects
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conjugated vaccines have been debeloped for
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poor immune response of children to vaccines based on capsular polysacchraids
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done for the HIB
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nucleic acid vaccines
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DNA vaccines not for humans yet
these are the plasmids of DNA injected inoto muscle and the production of the protein encoded in the DNA |
the gene gun
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dna only effective until it is degraded
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rna coudl replicate in the recipient
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recombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines do not need a cell or animal host to grow the vaccine's microbe this
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avoids a major problem with virus that so far have not veen grown in cell culture.
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antigen immunity increses on the rise
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shots are only periodically
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in england there were complications with teh pennicillin and then children started to develop the
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whooping cough in larger numbers
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prokaryotes and eukaryotes have both
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nucleic acids
proteins lipids carbohydrates |
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Prokaryotes
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dna is not enclosed
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prokaryotes
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their dna is not associated with histones; other proteins are associated with the DNA
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Prokaryotes
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their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidogligan
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Prokaryotes
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divide by binary fission dna is copied and the cell splits into two cells
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vinary fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukiaryotic cell division
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eukaryotes
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dna is found in the cell's nucleus
separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane |
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eukaryotes
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their dna is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones
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eukaryotes
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membrane enclosed organelles
mitochondria ER GC lysosomes and somtimes chloroplasts |
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eukaryotes
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their cell walls are chemically simple
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eukaryotes
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divide by mitosis chromosomees replicate and an identical set is distributed into each of the 2 nuclei
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division of cytoplasm as well identical cells created
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Prokaryotes
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bacteria and archaebacteria
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Prokaryotes
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most range from .2 to 2 micrometers
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Prokaryotes
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shapes include
coccus - berries baccillus - little staffs |
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Symbiosis
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two or more organisms living together in close proximity and in association
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mutualism
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tow or more organisms living together in close association and both benefet from this association
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commensalism
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thwo organisms living together in close association and only one organism benefits from this relationship. the other neither gains nor is harmed by its close proximity to the other organisms
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close relationship only one benefits
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synergism
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an associative relationship whereby 2 organisms produce an effect which neither can produce alone.usually chemical in nature
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2 organisms produce something. none can do by themselves
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gnotobiotic
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organisms that can live and function with no other biable organisms
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gnotobiotic
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formed by removing an animal fetus aseptically. sterile completely from birth. food and living area.
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gnotobiotic animals
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live longer and grow normally
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normal earth environment in which people animals and plants live with normally occurring microbes is
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not the ideal environment for a healthy existence.
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mutualism where
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both organisms benefit from the association
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Runimant nutrition.
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ruminants cows sheep large bodied animals eat grass
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chewed grass is digested in the fore gut rumen by bacteria. what happens when you kill this
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no digestion of cellulose
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who has a hindgut
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horse
kangaroo rabbit |
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
1CHEW
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
2GROUND UP
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
3 CELLULASE WORKS ON THE CELLULOSE BECAUSE RUMINANTS
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
4 digestion by the bacteria gives off H2 and CO2 as by products
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
glucose is converted into fatty acids
acetic acids propionic acids and butyric acids. |
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
H2 and Co2 go through methanogeniss an archaebacterial process and get converted into the methane gas
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DIGESTION OF CELLULOSE
STEPS |
methane gas expelled by belching
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methane is alot more dangerous to the environment than ozone.
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true
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ruminants can or cannot be used in gnotobiotic experiments
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CANNOT since they need bacteria for digestion.
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This wiped out the diarrheal type infections
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CHLORINATION OF DRINKING WATER
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such as typhoid fever
dysentary |
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peptidoglycan layer in cell walls act as a
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backbone for rigidity
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this peptidoglycan layer is only found in
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PRO PRO PRO karyotes
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this compound serves as the monomer used for the synthesis of volutin inclusions
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phosphate or pyrophosphate
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volutin is a food reserve granule for bacteria
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inclusions
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reserve depositsts
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Metachromatic Granules
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volutin
stain red from blue dyes phlyphosphate- ATP |
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Polysacchraide
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glycogen and starch
iodine glycogen - reddish brown starch - blue |
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Sulfur
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derive energy by oxidizing
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Carboxysomesribulose
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1,5diphosphate carboxylase
use that CO2 as their sole source of carbon require this enzyme for carbon dioxide fixation |
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Gas Vacuoles
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aquatic prokaryotes
cyanobacteria anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria halobacteria gas vesicles hollow cylinders covered by protein buoyant dependent |
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magnetosomes
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inclusions of iron oxide
acts like magnets mnay use to move downward until suitable attachment site found protect the cell against Hydrogen peroxide accumulation |
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Leptospirosis
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Bacterial
leptospirosis |
Weil's Disease
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Leprosy
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Bacterial
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Hansen's disease
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Tularemia
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bacterial
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Puerperal fever
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organisms on hands of doctors passed onto babies during child birth
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streptoccus pyogenes
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Erysipelas
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Massive skin infections
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Septic Sore
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Strep Throat
airborne respiratory fomite erythogenic toxin excreted by organism to attack RBC |
Streptococcus pyogenes
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mycoplasma pneumonia
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airborne respiratory fomites
cats atypical pneumonia |
PPLO
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Rheumatic Fever
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airborne respiratory
chronic strep throat streptococcus pyogenes |
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meningitis
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bacterial
respiratory airborne fomite |
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whooping cough
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bacterial
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airborne respiratory fomites
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legionnaires disease
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bacterial
airborne respiratory fomites |
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pneumonia
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bacterial
airborne respiratory fomites |
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tuberculosis
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airborne respiratory fomites
mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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diptheria
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bacterial
airborne respiratory fomites corynebacterium diptheria |
antimicrobial agent : antitoxin
secondary agent: Erythromycin penicillin G Klebs Loeffler bacillus |
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Brucellosis
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bacterial
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Bang's Disease
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Tuberculosis milk
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can go through the food or waterborne
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listeriosis
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milk
food or water borne |
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staphylcoccal food poisoning
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staph food bacterial poisoning
food or waterborne |
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Amebic Dysentery
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Amebiasis food or water borne
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botulism
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food poisoning
food waterborne antimicrobial agent antitoxin survivor enteric intoxications |
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cholera
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bacterial food or water borne
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undulant fever
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brucellosis
in food or waterborne |
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typhoid fever
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food or water borne
two types |
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Para typhoid fever
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food waterborne bacterial
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dysentery bacillans
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bacterail food and waterborne
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syphillis
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STD
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Gonorrhea
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bacterial STD
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crancroid
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STD bacterial
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gas gangrene
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bacterial
ROI trauma contact complications with diabetes antimicrobial agent surgical debriclement remove dead tissue penicillin G and hyperbaric oxygen treatment. |
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tetanus
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trauma contact
must remove infected tissue bacterial |
tetracycline
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antrax
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trauma contact.
can be soil or bite cutaneous |
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plague
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insect flea and arthropod bitgesTularemia
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Tularemia
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insect flea and arthropod bitgesTularemia
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lyme disease
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insect flea and arthropod bitgesTularemia
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malaria
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arthropod borne
anophiles mosquito anopheles susceptibel to children. . . plasmodium falciparum |
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trypanosomiasi
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tse tse fly
arthropod borne protozoan class American reduviid kissing bug leishmaniasis sand flies |
sleeping sickness
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lymphogranuloma venerum
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chlamydial disease
LVPT STD prokaryotes |
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psittacosis
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parrot fever
chlamydial LVPT psittacosis airborne fomite and respiratory prokaryotes |
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trachoma
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chlamydial LVPT
general contact contagious eye disease vinereal |
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coagulase teset
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if its mrSA cells are agglutinated with the coagulent reagent then test is positive
S aureus strain will be pathogenic |
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septicemia
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blood infection.
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serological tests for syphillis
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wassermann test
tpcf test vdrl test |
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wassermann tests
TPCF test VDRL test |
reveals active previous infection
blood tests designed for the second degree syphillis treat with an antibiotic spirochaetes migrate to body spleen leading to second degree |
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complement fixation
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best test need expert technology FTA and TOH teset used as well. accurate for viral diseases
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third degree syphillis:
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spirochaetes go to the brain and spinal cord - no treatmment
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midal test
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used for typhoid fever diagnosis
typhoid bacilli aggglutinated with sick patients serum a common enteric disease in the past |
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weil felix test
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used for ricketsial diseases
sick patient serum aggluytinate specific proteus strains used in test |
for those typhus RMSfever Q fever.
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Streptococcus Pyogenes
group A beta hemolytic GAS |
spherical gram positive bacteria that grows in long chains
group complete disrupt RBC |
A antigen on its cell walls beta hemolysis when cultures on the agar
the release of hemoglobin |
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what is a prokaryote
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microscopic organisms of the kingdom prokaryote
found every where in habitants of most environments |
defined by cellular properties unicellular
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cyanobacteria -
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bacteria domain
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archaebacteria
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archae domain
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prokaryotes
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rigid cell walls some have cellular filamentous entities or mycellial forms
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exist as single free living cells in simple association
in the .2 to 10 micrometer |
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prokaryotes
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asexual most divide by binary fission cloning and do not produce gametes nor form sex cells
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lack meiotic reduction division and mitotic process
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prokaryotes
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lack nuclear membrane
they have no true nucleus |
single chromosome of pure double stranded DNA fibril
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prokaryotes
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they aint got no histone type proteins
cytoplasmic sub cellular membraneus organelles |
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the prokaryotes
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they come out in the 70's show
70 s ribosomes nutrients molecular components organic/inorganic |
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what do the prokaryotes have
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cytoplasmic sub cellular membraneous organelles
mitochondria chloroplasts ER Golgi and lysosomes |
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when the PRokaryotes actually do reproduce they go bout
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binarry fission
budding |
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bacteria conjugation prokaryotes
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leasts to lateral genen transfers still not sexual
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prokaryotes are
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somatic and haploid
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bacterial taxonomy and nomenclature
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classification and identification
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classification
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form of organization that divides organisms into 2 taxonomic groups
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based on phenotypic similarities and differences
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identification
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determine if the organism has been described classified is new or previously identified.
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can it be placed into one of already established accepted
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identification
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named according to rules of nomenclature
placed into taxon within existing recognized classification system |
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advances leading to the conquest of infectious diseases
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chlorinate the drinking water
treatment of sewage development of chemotherapy utilization of mass immunization protocols for children |
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nomenclature.
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process of naming new bacterial isolate microorganisms
making sure no official document recog by all microbiologists |
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binomial nomenclature.
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latin
genus name always capitalized species never capitalized |
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binomial nomenclature should reflect
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microscopic morphology
physiological function cultural characteristics diseased caused by organism |
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diplococcus pneumonia
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cocci in pairs/causal agent for pneumonia infects lungs and causes influenza kills 50k a year
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staph aureus
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cocci in grape like clusters. golden color colonies
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streptococcus pyogenes
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cocci in chains forming pus
strept throat scarlet fever |
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micrococcus roseus
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individual cocci
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red colored colonies
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lactobacillus acidophilus
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rod shaped
por produce lactic acid when grown in milk lactic acid fermentation. milk sugar |
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bacillus anthracis
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rod shaped aerobic spore former causes anthrax based on the bacteria plasmid
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corynebacterium diptheria
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shaped organism causing diptheria.
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acetobacter aceti.
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rod shaped organisms forming acettic acid during grape sugar fermentation.
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propionibacterium shermanii
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rod shaped bacterium producing propionic acid thru fermentation
SWISS cheese |
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clostridium butylicum
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anaerobic rod shaped spore former produces butyric acid during fermentation.
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streptococcus lactis.
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cocci in chains produce lactic acid from breakdown of milk sugar lactose yogurt buttermilk.
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what are the 3 variations of MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis
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HUMANS
COWS and BIRDS |
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mycobacterium tuberculosis var avium
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the var means variety can use in place type strain subspecies.
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streptococcus spp.
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that means that multiple and unknown species of bacteria belonging to the genus streptococcus
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streptococcus sp
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single isolate specie of pure culture isolate of genus streptococcus
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kingdom
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animalia
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prokaryotes
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phylum division
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vertebrata
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bacteria
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class
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mamalia
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gram negative facultative
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order
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carnivore
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family
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dog
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enterobacteriaceae
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tribe
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X
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X
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genus
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canis
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escheria
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species
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familiaris
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coli
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variant
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dashsund
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strain K12
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so whos older prokaryotes or eukaryotes
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PROKARYOTES 2-3.8 billion years ago
more than Eukaryotes 3-1 billion years ago |
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bacteria eubacteria via endosymbiosis
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formed the mitocondria
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eukaryotes
engulf into the protozoa |
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archeabacteria
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time
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fungi yeast mold mushrooms
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cyanobacteria
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endosymbiosis form/ engulf the chloroplasts
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algae plants seaweed
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fungi
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organic nutrients in algae
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heterotrophs
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planta
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photosynthetic non motile
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animalia
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heterotrophs
motile |
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viroids
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smallest infection agents
small circular higly structured single stranded RNA molecule |
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viroids
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lack protein coat capsid
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NO mRNA activity
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viroids
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replicate autonomously
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induce disease in a wide variety of plant species
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viroids
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obligate parasites of the cells transcriptional machinery
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genetic information for viroid replication in circular stranded rnA to be squeezed
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viroids
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forms double stranded linear nucleotide segment
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viroids
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highly base paired rod like conformation
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in vitro
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viroidsr
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resistant to ribonuclease digestion
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highly cooperative thermal denaturation profile. unusual high ordered structure..
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viroids
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potato spindle tuber disease.1923
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infectious contagious spread under field
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viroids
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Shulz and folsom grouped with knwon degenerative potato diseases
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Deiner 1971 differences in diseases citrus viroid IV cucumber pale friut
tomato apical stunt |
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lichens
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symbiotic entitity between fungus and algae blue green algae
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2 organisms interact to form single thallus plant nodule . wart like structure.
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lichens
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no leaf
no root unusual definitive shape |
fungal and algal symbiotic relationship is not clear
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lichens
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symbiosis evolution morphological or structural fungal modifications occured for idyllic adaptation with algae
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algae; food
fungus; protection in tropics and temperate zones |
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archaebacteria
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terestrial and aquatic microbes
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can be aerobic most are anaerobes
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archaebacteria
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gram stain vary because they LCK peptidoglycan layer. cell wall layer contains MURAMIC ACIED
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MURAMIC ACID
LACK PEP LAYER |
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shapes of the archaebacteria
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Spherical
Spiral Rod shaped Unicellular and multicellular in filaments or aggregates |
measurements individual .10.15um
multiply by binary fission budding constriction fragmentation can change and vary in color |
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archaebacteria
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cellular lipids possess ether bonds
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eubacteria ester bonds
lack peptidoglycan layer with muramic acid |
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WHOS GOT ETHER
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NAS and ARCHE
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WHOS GOT ESTER
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EU GOT ESTER
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Passive immunity
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short term duration 2-3 months
antibodies administered directly into host |
not produced by the host
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passive can be
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natural or acquired.
natural transferred to newborn by placental blood mother's first milk colostrum |
acquired injection of antibodies directly or injection of immune serum
gamma globulin shot. MUMPS and MEASES if comp use that GammaGl shot |
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active immunity
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long term duration sometimes for life
antibodies produced by exposure to antigen |
natural
you get exposed....fo LIFE essay acquired artificial |
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if it si acquired active immunity
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antifgen is ingected to induce antibody formation
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DPT immunity injection
oral polio booster shots |
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prokaryotes
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eubacteria
cyanobacteria archaebacteria |
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first life forms on earth
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documented prokaryotes
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prokaryotes
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first on earth
lateral gene transfer heterotrophes auto photo archaebacteria |
these are a few of my favorite things
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prokaryotes
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lateral gene transfer - chief molecular innovators
genetic element transfer between cells trade plasma |
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prokaryotes
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hetero
auto photo theses are |
bacteria modes diplay unique metabolic diversity
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archaebacteria
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range of metabolic process
under the prokaryote category |
range of metabolic processes for cellular function still remain various and unusual ecological riches far exceed those found in eukaryotic world
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PRIONS
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PROTEINACEOUS infection agents
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prions
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kuru in humans
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tribal cannabalistic practices in new ginnea
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prions
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creutzfeldt jakob disease in humans
gerstmann straussler syndrome GSS in humans |
fatal familial insomnia
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prions
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inherited and sporadic forms as spongiform encephalopaties
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TSE transmitable spong en
at is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies? Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of rare degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny holes that give the brain a "spongy" appearance. These holes can be seen when brain tissue is viewed under a microscope. |
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prions
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confined to the nervous system
brain damage from loss of neurons due to spongiform degeneration |
absence of detectable immune response in affected hosts
this can limits blood tests incubation period long and death follows |
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prions disease in animal
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scapie 1730 in sheep
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wobbly
seizures paralysis blindness death |
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scapie
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not transmissable to man by eating mutton
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speceis specific
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MAD COW disease
prions |
bovine spongiform dencephalopathy
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TME transmissable mink encephalopathy
PRION |
MINK
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chronic wasting
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in mule deer and elk
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PRION background
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smallest infectious agent known
composed of small protein |
no DNA RNA but able to self replicate in infected tissue
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PRION background
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TSE transmissable spongiform encephalopaties
arise spontaneously in animal |
may occur in single or multiple species
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PRION background
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damage brain tissue
forming multible vacuoles appears as sponge |
amyloid fibrils found in diseased brain tissue
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PRION background
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untreatable long latency period
demetia psychosis death |
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infetion vs intozication
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infection contaminated
results in infection; bacterial growth in intestine |
intoxication
organism grown in food product producing a toxin poinsin aka clostridium botulism |
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men and women
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hear disease
cancer stroke |
top 3
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men
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accidents
copd pneumonia hiv diabetes suicide homicide |
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women
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pneumonia
diabetes accidents alzheimers kidney disease sepsis |
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