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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotes include:
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bacteria
archaea |
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Eukaryotes include:
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plants
algae animals fungi protozoa |
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Prokaryotic characteristics:
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DNA
no histones no organelles plasma membrane peptidoglycan cell wall binary fission |
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Eukaryotic characteristics:
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paired chromosomes-paired separte from cytoplasm
histones organelles plasma membrane polysacchride cell walls mitosis/meosis/mitotic spindles |
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Most bacteria are _____, or genetically similar to their parent cell
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monomprphic
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Few bacterica are ____, or genetically different from the parent cell.
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pleomorphic
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If substance is neatly organized and firm, it is called a ___.
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capsule
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functions of a glycocalyx (sugar coat) on external cell wall
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-protection
-provide nutrients/prevent dehydration and nutrient loss -extracellular polysaccharide allows for attachment -capsules prevent phagocytosis |
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Bacteria without flagella are called ____.
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atrichous
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flagella arrangement:
monotrichous |
one on one end
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flagella arragement:
amphitrichous |
two or more at one or both ends
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flagella arragement:
peritrichous |
over entire cell
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flagella arragement:
lophotrichous |
multiple on one end
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movement towards food or away from stimuli or harmful material
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taxis
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moving away from chemicals
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chemotaxis
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moving away from light
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phototaxis
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moving away from oxygen
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aerotaxis
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moving towards or away from the earth's pole
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magnetotaxis
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spirochetes move my means of ___
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axial filaments or endoflagella
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_____ are protein appenadages that allow for attachement.
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Fimbrae
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____ are longer than fimbraie, and are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another during conjugation.
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pili
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____ consists of repeating subunits of NAG and NAM linked by polypeptide and cross-bridge amino acids.
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peptidoglycan
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Gram positive cell walls
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-thick peptidoglycan
-teichoic acids -in acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid |
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gram negative cell walls
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-thin peptidoglycan
-no teichoic acids -outer membrane -lipopolysaccharides |
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teichoic acids (two classes)
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-lipoteichoic acid- links to plasma membrance, covers peptidoglycan layer
-wall teichoic acid- links peptidoglycan to layer |
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simple diffusion
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movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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facilitative diffusion
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solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
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active transport
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requires ATP- movement of solutes from low to high concentration
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osmosis
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movement of water across selective permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration
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isotonic solution
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no net movement of water
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hypotonic solution
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water moves into cell, may cause cell to burst
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hypertonic solution
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water moves out of cell, may cause cell to shrink
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cytoplasm
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substance inside plasma membrane- 80% water, where chemical reactions occur
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nuclear area
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-bacterial chromosomes
-DNA not in membrane -one/several identical chromosomes present -some have circular double stranded DNA (PLASMID) -replicate independently -may carry 4-5 genes for antibiotic reistance, toxin production, enzyme production |
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Ribosomes
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-for protein synthesis
-made of ribosomal protein & ribosomal RNA -pro=70S, eukary=80S |
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Antibiotica inhibit function of ____ ribosome functions.
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prokaryotic
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materials stored for nutrients as macromolecules; utilized when deficient
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inclusions
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called volutin; stained red; phosphate reserves to make ATP
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metachromatic granules
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store glycogen and starch
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polysaccharide granules
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stores lipids
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lipid inclusions
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store sulfur
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sulfur inclusions
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contain enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation, photosynthesis
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carboxysomes
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store air for buoyancy
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gas vacuoles
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iron oxide (destroys H2O2) assist bacteria to move down until a suitable attachment site is reached
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magentosomes
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the process of endospore formation
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sporulation/sporogenesis
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resistant to desiccation, heat, freezing, toxic chemicals; unique cell type that develop from actively multiplying cells
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endospores
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return to vegetative state
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germination
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