Microbiology

Front 1

Describe the early belief of spontaneous generation and miasmas.

Back 1

Spontaneous generation is the belief that living things can arise fron non living matter. Miasmas was the belief that bad air created sickness and disease.

Front 2

Describe the experiments and early work of Franscesco Redi that helped spontaneous generation.

Back 2

He placed meat in different jars. Maggots only appeared on the jars exposed to the air.

Front 3

Describe the experiments performed by Louis Pasteur that ended the theory of spontaneous generation.

Back 3

He created the first vaccine for anthrax and rabies. He invented a way to stop milk and wine from causing sickness.

Front 4

Describe Joseph Lister's contribution to the field of medicine, particularly surgeries.

Back 4

He was the first to sterilize his instruments in surgery. He discovered how an infection was caused from an outside source. He used carbolic acid to streliize his instruments, wash his hands, spray in the air, and clean wounds.

Front 5

Describe Louis Pasteur's contributions to microbiology.

Back 5

He proved that germs entered from an outside source, that life arose from life.

Front 6

What are some current occupations in the microbiology field?

Back 6

1. Medical Microbiologists: identifies cause of diseases and how to eliminate them
2. Public Health Microbiologists: controls the spread of diseases through food and water
3. Immunologists: study how the body defends itself from microbial invaders

Front 7

Structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Back 7

Gram positive bacteria contains a thicker peptidoglycan layer outside plasma membrane. Gram negative bacteria contains a thinner peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a thick outer membrane.

Front 8

Composition of the peptidoglycan layer.

Back 8

Enormous polymer that contains two sugar derivatives" N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.

Front 9

Describe procedure and mechanism of gram staining.

Back 9

After heat fixation, the bacteria is stained with crystal violet solution and then iodine is added to promote dye retention. Ethanol is added to decolorize. The slide is counterstained with safranin. The peptidoglycan layer prevents loss of crystal violet. In thicker cell walls, iodine is retained. In thinner cell walls, the ethanol removes iodine but picks up safranin, turning pink.

Front 10

Describe the importance of the cell wall.

Back 10

Gives shape, protection, and acts as a target site for antibiotics.

Front 11

Sulfonamides

Back 11

Interfere with folic acid synthesis. Bactrim

Front 12

Tetracyclines

Back 12

Inhibits protein synthesis. Doxycycline. Broad spectrum for gram positive. High doses can cause complication.

Front 13

Aminoglycosides

Back 13

IV. Inhibits protein synthesis and causes misreading of genetic message carried by mRNA. Streptomycin. Gram negative. Toxic.

Front 14

Macrolides

Back 14

Inhibits protein synthesis. Erythromycin. Used with patients allergic to penicillin.

Front 15

Quinolones

Back 15

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis. Ciproflaxin. Broad spectrum (UTI). Resistance develops easily. Gram negative

Front 16

Vancomycin

Back 16

IV. Treat superior infections. Disrupts cell wall synthesis in gram positive bacteria. Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus = trouble.

Front 17

Catalase

Back 17

Most commonly used to distinguish between strep and staph. Decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Catalse activity (bubbling) is protective mechanism for bacteria.

Front 18

Indole

Back 18

Distinguish between E-Coli from other gram negative bacteria. If bacteria produces indole, the filter paper will turn pink.

Front 19

Oxidase

Back 19

Distinguish between Pseudomonas from other gram negative. If bacteria produces oxidase, filter paper will turn purple/blue.

Front 20

Mannitol

Back 20

Distinguishes between Staph. aureus and other Staph. species. Contains salt and sugar. Bacteria will ferment Mannitol and turn yellow.

Front 21

Macconkey

Back 21

Contains crystal violet and salts that only allows gram negative bacteria to grow. Contains sugar to distingish between lactose and non lactose fermenters. Bacteria turns pink

Front 22

Staphylococci

Back 22

Gram positive cocci in clusters. Non-motile. Facultative anerobes. Catalase positive. Present on skin and mucous membranes. Produces slime layer and toxins.

Front 23

Streptococci

Back 23

Gram positive cocci in pairs and chains. Facultative anaerobes. Catalase negative.

Front 24

Staph. aureus Diseases

Back 24

TSS. Food Poisoning. Cutaneous. Bacteremia.

Front 25

Staph. epidermidis Diseases

Back 25

Bacteremia. Endocarditis. Catheter and shunt infections. Prosthetic joint infections.

Front 26

Staph. saprophyticus Diseases

Back 26

UTI

Front 27

Strep. pyogenes Diseases

Back 27

Strep throat. Scarlet fever. Cellulitis. Necrotizing fascitis. Rheumatic Fever. Glomerulonephritis.

Front 28

Strep agalactia Diseases

Back 28

Neonatal infections. UTI. Wound infections.

Front 29

Strep. pneumonia Diseases

Back 29

Pneumonia. Sinusitis. Otitis media. Meningitis. Bacteremia

Front 30

Viridians Group Strep Diseases

Back 30

Bacteremia. Endocarditis. Abscess formation. Dental caries.

Front 31

Enterobacteriaceae

Back 31

Gram negative bacilli. Motile or non-motile. Facultative anaerobes. Oxidase negative.

Front 32

Pseudomonas

Back 32

Gram negative bacilli. Motile. Obligate anaerobes. Slime capsule. Found in water enviornments. Release toxins. Oxidase positive.

Front 33

Enterobacteriaceae Diseases

Back 33

Septicemias. UTI. Intestinal infections. Food poisoning.

Front 34

Pseudomonas Diseases

Back 34

Infects patients with low immunse system. Patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Patients with compromised defense mechanisms.