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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microbe that only has a + citrate test
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salmonella typhimurium
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Microbe that is - on all tests
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shigella
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only + for lactose fermentation
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Escherichia coli
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Gram pos microbe has + catalase, lactose, and mannitol fermentation
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Staphylococcus aureus
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gram neg microbe that is + for lactose fermentation, citrate, and urea tests
(pink and yellow) |
klebsiella pneumoniae
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Microbe that is - for all tests and is a beta hemolysis
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streptococcus pyogenes
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Two microbes that are + for the indole test
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Escherichia coli nd enterobacter aerogenes
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only tests + for catalase test and is alpha blood hemolysis
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staphylococcus epidermidis
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+ H2S, urea, and PD test
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Proteus Vulgaris
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Gram pos microbe that is + for lactose fermentation,, black esculin agar, and fermentation of mannitol. Gamma blood hemolysis
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Streptococcus faecalis
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Specific defenses
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designed against a specific microbe. Not born with them, AQUIRE them,
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Naturally Aquired specific defenses
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naturally exposed, then stimulates immune response (providing long term protection)
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Naturally Aquired Passive Immunity
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From mother to child. Get antibodies that provide short term immunity
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Artificially Aquired
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Vaccine
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Artificially aquired passive
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Shot of antibodies for short term protection. Ex) HRIG (Human Rabies Immune Globulin)
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Humoral Immunity
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Defending the body against a microbe which is in the BODY FLUID
KEY CELL- B lymphocyte |
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Cell mediated immunity
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defending the body against a microbe that gets INSIDE YOUR CELLS.
KEY CELL= T- Lymphocyte Identifies and destroys infected cells |
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Antibody
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Protein made in response to foreign substance which recognizes, binds to and helps destroy foreign substances
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IgG
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Monomer
Small In body fluids and tissues Opsonizes, neutralizes, and fixes comliments |
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IgA
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Dimer
Found in Mucous Neutralizes |
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IgM
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Pentamer
BIG Mostly in body fluid Agglutinates and fixes compliment |
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IgE
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Monomer
Found on surface of mast cells and Basophils Involved in allergies |
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IgD
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Monomer
Just like IgG except its stuck to a Bcell |
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B-Lymphocytes
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Made from stem cells in bone marrow
like cops (look for specific antigen) When they bind to specific antigen they become activated 1. divide like crazy 2.differentiate into 2 groups: a. plasma b. memory b cells |
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Colonal Expansion
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When a b cell divides like crazy
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Basis for Vaccine procedures
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Memory Bcells
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Release antibodies
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Plasma Cells
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4 Ways antibodies destroy microbes
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1. neutralize
2. opsonize 3. fix comliment 4. Aggutination |
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Neutralize
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Bind to Microbes and prevent them from binding to cells
ex) IgG IgA |
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Opsonize
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Helps Phagocytes find/eat it
ex) IgG |
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Fixes Compliment
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Ex) IgG, IgM
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Agglutination
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Makes them easier to eat
Ex) IgM |
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T- Lymphocyte
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Key cell for mediated immunity
Made from stem cell in bone marrow matures in Thymus |
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Similarities b.w B-cells and T-cells
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Made from stem cells in bone marrow
Have receptor for one specific antigen When Activated, divide like crazy |
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Cytotoxic T-cell
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Check Class 1 i.d cards
Check foreign antigen Kill if have wrong ID Card |
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T-helper cells
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"generals" of immune response
Recognize Class 2 id cards DIRECTLY interact with B-cells and macrophage INDIRECTLY interact with other cells by chemicals |
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Antigen Presentation
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Microbe is digested and parts of it are displayed on surface of macrophage
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HIV attacks T-helper Cells
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Virus Must get inside cell to reproduce
gP120 of virus binds to CD4 receptor of T-helper cells |
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Localized anaphylaxis
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when exposed to allergen IgE will bind to the surface of MAST cells to sensitize them
Second time the allergen is encountered it stimulates mast cells to dump histamine (Pollen) |
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Systematic anaphalaxis
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Allergen introduced to BLOOD STREAM and sensitizes BASOPHILS
Second time it stimulates BASOPHILS to dump histamine |
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2 localized effects of histamine
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Vasodilation and increased permeability (swelling)
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Organ Transplants
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Have different Class 1 ID cards so cytotoxic t-cells will try to kill it, so it needs to suppress the cytotoxic t-cell activity with CYCLOSPORN
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First Vaccine
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Discovered by JENNER and it was for SMALL POX
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Pasteur
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Mild Microbe
chicken head in broth let microbe get older and weaker |
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Jonas Salk
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Developed KILLED vaccine for POLIO
IPV Chemically killed so it couldnt reproduce |
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SABIN
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ORAL VACCINE for polio
used from 1960s to 2000 |
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Different Vaccine Types
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1. attenuated
2. inactivated 3. toxoid 4. subunit 5. conjugated |
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Attenuated
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- live weakened icrobe
ex) OPV and chicken pox |
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Inactivated
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Killed microbes
ex) normal flu vaccine huma diploid cell vaccine (rabies) |
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Toxoid
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Take toxin and chemically inactivate it
ex) Tdap (tetanus, diptheria, acellular pertusis) |
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Subunit
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Contains PART of a microbe
Ex) Bordetella Pertussis |
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Bordetella Pertussis
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Subunit Vaccine
Gram neg rod causes whooping cough |
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Catalase
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Converts hydrogen peroxide to harmless water and oxygen
Bubbles= STAPH doesnt=STREP |
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Bile Esculin Hyrolysis Test
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differentiates streptococcus faecalis from other streptococci
Bile=inhibitory agent Esculin= differential agent |
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Lactose fermentation test
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turn yellow when fermented
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Urea hydrolysis test
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turns tan to pink
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Phenylalanine Deaminase
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pos= green
neg=yellow only used for gram neg rods |
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Neg catalase
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Streptococci
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Pos Catalase
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Staphylococci
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Alpha
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green zone around colony
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beta
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clear zone around colony
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gamma
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no hemolysis
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tests for streptococci
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catalase
Bacitracin test disk |
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Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae
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all gram neg rods
all ferment glucose tests: indole citrate PD UREA ex) salmonella shigella |
