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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fungal Cells have
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Eukaryotic
well defined membrane mitochondria ER bilayered cell membrane ergosterol-essential sterol in fungi soft cell wall(chitin, glucans, mannans, proteins, polysaccharides, glycopeptides) **All recognized as antigens Capsule |
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grow as single cells
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yeasts
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gorwo as multicellular filamentous colonies
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molds
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can occur as yeast or mold forms but not both
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monomorphic
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can grow as yeast and mold forms depending on environmental conditinos and temp
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Dimorphic
body temp- yeast room temp-molds |
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Molds have
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hyphae
mycelia septate hyphae pores coenocytic hyphae |
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Grow by longitudinal extension and produce spores
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hyphae in molds
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composed of clumps of intertwined branching hyphae
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mycelia in molds
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cross walls divideding individual cells
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septa
type of hyphae (septate hyphae) |
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septa have ____ through which organelles can move from one cell to another
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pores
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MOLDS
non-septate with nuclei in a continuous mass of cytplams |
coenocytic hyphae
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hyphal segments that are formend by fragmentation of hyphae
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arthrospores
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thick-walled spores that are formed terminally or within hyphal segments
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chlamydospores
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formed at the tips of hyphae and are _____if small and unicellular or ______if large and contain more than one spore
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conidiospores, microconidia, macroconidia
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Sporgangia are spherical, sac-like structures containing
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sporgangiospores
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multiple branced hyphal ends that resemble reindeer antlers or chandliers
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favic chandelier structures
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closely twisted, entwined hyphae forming nodular structures
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knotted hyphae
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hyphal projections that look like broken comps
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pectinate bodies
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hyphae that consist of a chain of segments, each piece with an enlarged end, giving an appearance of a chain of tennis racquets
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racquet mycelia
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bedspring-like helical coils that are found at the ends of yphae
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spirals or coiled hyphae
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fungi asexual spores
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anamorphs
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fungi sexual reproductive structures
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telomorphs
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whole fungus
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holomorph
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sexual reproduction results in an ascus, a saclike structure containing 4-8 ascospores
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phylum ascomycota
The Sac Fungi |
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sexual reporduction produces basidiospores that are formed on a club-shaped structure called basidium
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phylum basidiomycota
The Club Fungi |
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sexual reproduciton takes place bysimple copulation of the tips of multinuclated hyphae(no cross walls) forming large thick-walled zygospores that are resistant to harsh environmental conditions
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phylum zygomycota
The Conjugation Fungi |
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sexual reporduction occurs when cells of a single cology engage in sexual reproduction
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homothallic
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sexual reproductoin when two different colonies, + - hyphae
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heterothallic
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Asexually producing condia
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Phylum Deuteromycota
Fungi Imperfecti |
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Fungi that live on living or dead organisms
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saprophytes
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saprophytes decompoinsing dead and dying materal, using as food (incapable of producing their own energy
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heterotrophs
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Fungi
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extrete extracellular enzymes that digest food outside fungal cells
have habitates--> air, water, soil, plants animals |
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Fungi grow on
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sabourauds dextrose agar at 25 or 37 degrees C
may require 4-6 weeks growht aided by antibiotivcs |
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fungi primarily disseminate by
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asexual spores
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Fungi reporduce asexually by
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budding-unequal division of once cell into two
fragmentation-pieces of hyphae grow spore formatoin-hapolid cells |
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Aseual sporulation of yeasts occurs when
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budding produces blastospores
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long chains of elongated yeast cells called
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pseudohyphae
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Fungi are chemoheterotrophic
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because they obtain carbon compounds from non-living organic material as saprophytes or from living tissues as symbionts
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Pathogenic symbionts
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necrotropic or biotrophic parasites
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Necrotrophic fungi
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facultative pahtogens that live on damaged tissue and usually bring about death of their hosts
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Fungi secrete a variety of enzymes that are virulence factors because
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they cause host cell damage and lysis and impare antifungal host defenses
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toxins act as allergins that cause
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granuloma formations
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Mannan
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a glycoprotein component of fungal cell walls, suppresses lymphoblast formation and inhibits lymphocyte proliferation
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Mannan inhibits
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keratinocyte proliferation by slowing epidermal turnover and allowing for a more persistent chronic infection
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cultures with a normal growth rate are
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virulent
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cultures with lower growh rates are
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arirulent
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growht rate is determinate of
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virulence
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fungi express
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virulence genes differently during differnt types of incection
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fungi lacking invasive enzymes are called
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avirulent
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used as a quick and inexpensive way of viewing clinical specimens for the presnece of fungal elements
*causes most tissue elements to become disooleved leaving fungal elements as conidia or hyphae that retain shape/color. seen with light microspy |
potassium hydroxide
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used to stain polysaccharides found in the cell walls of molds and yeasts
*has aldehyde groups tha tbind to basic fuchsin and stain the fungal elements red |
the periodic acid-schiff reaction (PAS)
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*used when intracellular structers are to be examined
*stains tissue and blood cells showing blue-colored intracellular yeasts, sometimes wiht a halo around them |
The Giemsa Stain
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used to demonstrate capsules around cell cells
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the nigrosin stain
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Compounds tha tinhibit DNA functioning
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Flucytosine
Griseofulvin Pentamidine isethionate |
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intereferes with pyrimidine metabolism and inhibits both RNA and DNA syntheiss
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flucytosine
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inhibits fungal cell mitosis at metaphase by interaction with microtubles resulting in disruption of mitotic spindles
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griseofulvin
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interferes with nculear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipids and protein synthesis
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Pentamidine isethionate
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compounds that change membrane permeability
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Amphotericin B
Nystation Fluconazole, intraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazol, thiabendazole, terbinafines |
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bind to ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic membranes increasing membrane permeability
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amphotericin B and nysatin
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inhibit ergosterol syntheiss by preventing conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol in the cytoplasmic membrane resuling in loss of cell membrane integrity
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fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and thiabendazole
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fungicidal toxicity is due to the toxic accumulation of squalene that depletes ergosterol in the cell membrane
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terbinafine
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superficial mycoses
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pityriasis versicolor
otomycosis |
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Lipophilic fungas feeds on skin oil, removes stratum corneum layer
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pityriasis versicolor
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superficial skin infection occurs when this lipophilic fungus feeds on skin oil and removes the stratum corneum layer resulting in a squamous cell turnover of the outer epithelium
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pityriasis versicolor
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Symptom: red, brownish, blotchy, scaly, painless, hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin of the upper body of non-suntanned individuals
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pityriasis versicolor
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suntanned and dark skinned people have pinkinsh-wihite patches on the skin of the upper body
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pityriasis versicolor
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infection can develop into itch y papules and pustules or atopic dermatitis on the back and upper trunk
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pityriasis versiocolr
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KOH or PAS spaghetti and meatballs
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pityriasis versicolor
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pityriasis versicolor uses what drug for treament
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ketoconazole
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otomycosis is casued by which organism
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aspergillus, penicillium, mucor, rhizopus
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superficial infections of the outer ear
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otomycosis
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infection results in an accumulation of latre masses of epithelial debris containing fungi or bacteria and fungi in the external auditory meatus
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otomycosis
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chronic infection of the external ear characterized by itching, pain, inflammation, loss of hearing and serous secretion
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otomycoiis
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otomycosis uses what diagnosis
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koh- reveals gragments of mycelium
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otomycosis uses what drug
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ketoconazole
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Trichophyton species are monomorephic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of the glabrous skin of the face
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tinea faciei
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patietns are usually 10-40 years of age with
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tinea faciei
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mycelia invade teh glabrous skin of the face including the chin and upper lip of children and females but excluding the mustache and bearede areas of the adult male
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tinea faciei
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Symptoms: scaling, annular or circular lesions with raised margins and papules are formed. Pruritus, burning and erythema are present
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tinea faciei
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what diagnosis is sused for tinea faciei
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KOH and PAS show hyphae with mitochondrai
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treatment of tinea faciei
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miconazole
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trichophyton species are monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of hairy areas of the skin of the face and neck
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tinea barbae
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mycelia grow into pores around hair shafts, beneath the cuticle of hairs or the stratum corneum layer of the skin.
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tinea barbae
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Hyphae growing into the stratum corneum produce edema and leukocytric inflitrations by realsing collagenase, keratinase, and elastase enzymes that destory skin proteins
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tinea barbae
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The mild superficial type is characterized by scaling lesions with a vesiculopustular border on the bearded areas of the face and neck
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tinea barbae
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the deep pustular type has deep, follicular pustules on the bearded ares are the face and neck that result in nodular keloids and keriouns with alopecia and scarring
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tinea barbae
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diagnosis for tinea barbae
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KOH or PAS microcondia
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treamtnet of tinea barbae
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griseofulvin
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Microsporum species are monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of the scalp
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tinea capitits-ectothrix
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Male infectoins are more common before puberty and femails are mainly infected after puberty
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tinea capitis-ectothrix
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hyphae proliferate in the stratum corneum, the hair follicles and on the outisde of hair shafts
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tinea capitis-ectothrix
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knows as gray-patch ringworm is a prepubertal infection of the scalp, eyelashes, and eyeborws. infected haris have a pale, scaly, grayish, lusterless appearance and break off
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tinea capitis ectothrix
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lesions begin as coalesced papules in a ring form and can develop into kerions or keloids
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tinea capitis ectothrix
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otomycosis uses what diagnosis
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koh- reveals gragments of mycelium
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otomycosis uses what drug
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ketoconazole
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Trichophyton species are monomorephic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of the glabrous skin of the face
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tinea faciei
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patietns are usually 10-40 years of age with
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tinea faciei
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mycelia invade teh glabrous skin of the face including the chin and upper lip of children and females but excluding the mustache and bearede areas of the adult male
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tinea faciei
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Symptoms: scaling, annular or circular lesions with raised margins and papules are formed. Pruritus, burning and erythema are present
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tinea faciei
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what diagnosis is sused for tinea faciei
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KOH and PAS show hyphae with mitochondrai
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treatment of tinea faciei
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miconazole
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trichophyton species are monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of hairy areas of the skin of the face and neck
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tinea barbae
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mycelia grow into pores around hair shafts, beneath the cuticle of hairs or the stratum corneum layer of the skin.
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tinea barbae
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Produces rings of inflammatoin on the glabrous skin of the body that begin as dry and scaly patches which become pustular and crusty and have extensive hyperkeratosis.
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tinea corporis
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Two types: Annlar and vesicular
Annular-small, spreading circular areas of erythema that become scaly int he center with raised red margins, lesions can become chronic. Vesicular type-vesicles and pustules behind the advancing erythematous border. lesions are not chronic |
tinea corporis
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diagnoisis of tinea corporis
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KOH and PAS mycelia and conidiospores
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treatment of tinea corporis
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terbinafine
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epidermophyton floccosum and trichophton species are monomorphic molds tha cause cutaneous mycoses of the nail plates
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tinea unguium
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incidence of infection is greatest in males after puberty. Usually associed with tinea pedis or tinea manuum
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tinea ungium
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Nail injury predisposes to infection
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tinea unguium
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Starts in or under the nail plate of the finers or toes. hyphae growing out of the nail plate into the stratum corneum produces inflammation by realseasing enymes that interact with skin and nail proteins
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tinea unguium
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Symptoms: produces soft, friable, keratin that loosesns the nail and thickens the plate of fingernails or toenails.
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tinea ungium
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Nail invasion restricted to white patches or pits on the surface of the nail
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leukonychia my cotia
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occurs when the lateral or distal edges of the nail are first involved and develo into a nail plate that is brittle, friable and thhickened with cracks are are brown or blak in color
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invasive subungual dermatophytosis
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diagnosis of tinea unguium
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hyphae and macroconidia seen in PAD or KOH
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treatment of tinea unguium
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terbinafine
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Most infections are very resistant to treatment and become chrionic,life long infections
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tinea ungium
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epidermophyton floccosum, microsporum, and trichophyton speces are monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous my coses of the palms and fingers
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tinea manuum
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infection begins when there is a maceration of the skin due to occupational activities
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tinea manuum
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infection of the palsm and fingers results in lesions that begin as exfoliative, erythematous, scaly sheets of skin that become vesicular, red circumscribed patches
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tinea manuum
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symptoms: patients have diffuse hyperkeratosis of the palsm and fingers with concentric exfoliation of the skin. Vesicular cirumscribed patches, discrete red papules and folliclar patches and erythematosus scaly sheets develop on the dorsum of the hand
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tinea manuum
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diagnosis of tinea manuum
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KOH and PAS skin scrapppings show hyphae and macrocondia
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treatment for tinea manuum
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miconazole
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epidermophyton floccosum and trichophyton speies are monomorphic molds tha cause cuatneous mcoses of the groin area
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tinea cruris
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usually 20-30 year old males are more commonly infected than females. often associated with tinea pedis
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tinea cruris
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hyphae invade the moist areas of the groin and perianal areas causing erythmatous, edmatous lesions
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tinea cruris
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commonly called jock itch, begins as circular leasions int he groin and scrotum areas and develops into serpinginous, well marginated, erythematous lesions with raised borders containing tiny vesicles. erthema and intense itching occur at first with older lesions becoming leather like
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tinea cruris
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diagnosis of tinea cruris
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PAS and KOH hyphae conida
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treatment of tinea cruris
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terbinafine
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Loss of weight and loose fitting clothing lesson the chance of reinfection
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tinea cruris
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epidermophyton floccosum and trichophyton species are monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of the feet
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tinea pedis
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organisms most frequently found in moist environments such as pool decks and shower rooms lead to
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tinea pedis
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a breakdown in the hots skin defenses promotes the invasion of the epidermis by hyphae, infections are localized to keratinized skin.
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tinea pedis
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most common fungal infection of humans
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tinea pedis
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chronic, papulosquamous and hyperkeratoticc skin is seen.
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tinea pedis
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Symptoms: presents as an itching, chronic, intertriginous dermatitis with peeling, maceration and fissuring of the skin intertrignious between the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes
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tinea pedis
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patiens can also have infections on their fingers
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tinea pedis
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diagnosis of tinea pedis
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PAS and KOH reveal hyphae and macro or microconidia
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treatment of tinea pedis
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terbinafine
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Pseudallescheria and madurella species are monomorphic molds that produce subcutaneous infections
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pseudallescheriasis
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hyphae invade subcutaneous tissues producing granulomas with allergic reactions. organisms evade host defenses by deposting extracellular melanin by forming thick walls and by immunodulation
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pseudallescheriasis
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Symptoms: Eumycentomas are chearacterized by painless, tumor-like swellings in the skin that ulcerate, from sinus tracts and undergo fibrosis and scarring with a woody disfigurenmt
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pseudallascheriasis
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bronchial pneumonia accompanied by broncial coolonization and fungus ball formatoin
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pulmonay pseudallescheeriasis
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Symptoms: sinusitius, otomycosis, menigitis, arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, endophthalmitis, keratitis and cutaneous and subcutaneous lessions
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pseudallescheriasis
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diagnosis of pseudallescheriasis
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koh and pas, broad branching septate hyphae with dense black grains
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treatment of pseudallescheriasis
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ketoconazole
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sporothrix schenckii si a dimorphic mold that produces subcutaneous infections
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sportrichosis
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Mycelial invasions results in local lesions in the lymphatics that contain neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells. foci are circumscribed microabscesses surrounded by leukocyte infiltrations
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sportotrichosis
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Symptoms: painless, nodular, erthmatous necrotic lesions along lymphatic channels leading away from the primay lesion that develp in weeks to months
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lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis
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single ulcers at teh side of inoculation, usually on the face, neck or turnk
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fixed cutaneous sportrichosis
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ulcerative suppurative lesions of the mucous membranes
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mucocutaneous sporotrichoiss
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varies from chronic cavity lung lesions (similar to tuberculosis) to lymph node involvment that causes bronchial obstruction
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pulmonary sporotrichousis
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cutaneous lesions that speard into the eye, bones, periosteum, synovium or involves other organs and can cause meningitis in immunosuppressed patients
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extracutaneous, disseminated sporotrichosis
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diagnosis of sporotrichoisss
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pas tissue asteriod bodies
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treatment of sporotrichosis
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itraconazole
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candida albicans and other species of candida are monomorphic opportunisitc yeats
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candidiasis
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Gelatinous types of lesions develop when masses of yeasts present with a mucoid deeneration of the invaded tissue resluting in large emboli in the brain, spleen and kindneys
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candidiasis
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Symptoms: presents as glossitis(white to gray covering tounge), somatitis, (patches raised on tongue), cheilitis, (erosions over lips) perleche (cracking leesions of corners of mouth), vaginitts, blanitis (penis) gastroenteritis and bronchitis in neutropenic immunocompriomised patients
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mucocutaneous candidiasis (thrush)
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Symptoms: can occur intertriginously or in a generalized fashion, causes paronychia (swellings of paronychial folds) diaper rash, onychomycosis or candidal granulomas
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cutaneous candidiasis
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Symptoms: fever, headache, anorexia, my algia arthralgia, uti, hueart murmur, hepatosplenomegly, hematuria, endocardits (after heart surgery) heart valve replacement and meningitis can be induced iatrogenically following the prolonged us of anitobiotics or associated narctic addiction
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systemic candidiasis
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diagnosis of candidiasis
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exudates of infected tissues or blood chains have oval-to-globose, budding yeast cells or pseudohyphae
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Treatment of candidiasis
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fluconaole or amphotericin B
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Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces are species are monomorphic opportunistic yeasts
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rhodotorulosis
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Yeasts are seeded into the blood wand a result in a fungemia with roxic reactions due to the production of fementation by products from sugar utilization as an energy source are dependent on the health of the patient
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rhodotorulosis
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Fungal peritonitis occurs in patients on continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis due to saporphytic colonization of indwelling intravenous catheters or dialyss machinery
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rhodotorulosis
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Symptoms: fever, hpotension, tachycardia, endocardidts, menigitis, and chills. Shock may occur if there i a fungemia. Fatal infections involve the lungs, kindeys, heart and central nervous system
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rhodotorulosis
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diagnosis of rhodotorulosis
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PAS speherial to elongate budding, non ecapsulated east like cells
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Treatment of Rhodotrulosis
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removal of the source of contamination usually leads to clearing of symptoms
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Pneumocystis jiroveci is a monomorphic, opportunisitc yeast
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pneumocystosis
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Disease is associated with immunosuppressed individuals
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pneumocystosis
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Yeasts multiply in lung tissue and evoke a monulear cell inflitrate inot the alveolar septa spaces, along with the formation of a hyaline membrane around cyst-like granulomas containing an eosinophilic exudate in the alveoli.
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pneumocystoiss
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Oxygen exchange between the alveoli and the bloodstream is extremely reduced int he lungs. Bilateral intersitial and alveolar opacities develop into consolidation of the lungs. Protective immunity folls infection in immunocompenten indivduals
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pneumocystoiss
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Symptoms: fever, chills, nonproductive cough, chest pain, congestion, anorexia, shortness of breath, weight loss, and developemt of interstitial plasma called pneumonia in immunocomprised hosts occur as well as cotton wool spotsin the retina
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pneumocystosis
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Diagnosis of pneumocystosis
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methenamine sliver nitrate revealse thick walled, crescent shaped cysts wiht may internal bodise
*cannot but cultured* |
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Treatment of pneumocystosis
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cortimoxazole
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Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are monomorphic opportunisistic yeasts
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crytococcosis
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Found in pigeon dung worldwide
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cryptococcoiss
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The capsular polysaccharides inhibit the developmet of cell mediated immunity and activate complemnt resulting in the depletion of complement and infefficnet opsonization and inefficnet phagocytosis
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cryptococcosis
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Symtoms: central nervous system involvment is the most frewquently diagnosed form. onset is gradual and includes headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, photophobia and tenderness of the neck
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cryptococcosis
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cutaneous cryptococcosis
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presents as papules, postules, ulcers and abscesses that ulcerate
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diagnosis of cryptococcosis
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nigrosin staining of csf
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treatment of cryptococcoiss
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fluconazole
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Spergillus species are monomorphic opportunistic molds
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aspergillosis
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Low virulent infection is most common in people with immunosuppression who have a neutropenia or are on antibiotics
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aspergillosis
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The presence of dsRNA mycoviruses represses teh formatoin of toxins. Invasion of endothelial cells results in pyogenic suppuration and necrosis with hyphal growht and release of fungal endotoxins
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aspergillosis
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Produces sasthma and bronchitis in patients with allergic responses and fungus bals awith necrotizing pneumonia and bronchial pluggin when the airmways are colonized
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pulmonary aspergillosis
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may involve various orangs producing acute rhinocerebral proptosis, nasal swellings, growths on the heart valves, nodular skin lesions, brain, liver and kindney lesions oand otitis externa
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disseminated aspergilllosis
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diagnosis of aspergilloiss
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PAS or KOH actue angle branching speatate hyphae
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treatment of aspergillosis
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amphotericin B
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Arthoroderma, aspergillus, candida, geotrichum and scopulariopsis are monomporphic opporuntistic mold and yeast species
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onychomycosis
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Nail infection often accompanies a dissminated disease that causes the patient to be immunosuppressed
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onychomycoiss
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Infection of the nail results in damage to the nail architecture with inlammation of web spaces
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onychomycosis
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Symptoms: finger or toenail plates develop grooves adn cavities that accumulate debris without thickening of the nail plate, lesions are painful and pigmented with brittleness of the nails
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onychomycosis
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Diagnosis of onychomycosis
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various forms of hyphal elemnts, bracnhing or non branching KOH PAS
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treatment of onychomycosis
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itraconazole
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