Microbiology Lab 2

Front 1

Motility

Back 1

Self-directed movement

Front 2

Positive Chemotaxis

Back 2

Source of nutrient for a motile microbe

Front 3

Negative Chemotaxis

Back 3

Harmful substance for a motile microbe

Front 4

Brownian Motion (Or movement)

Back 4

Non-directional, vibratory movement of small particles or cells, due to collisions with water molecules...

Front 5

Why do bacteria stain gram negative?

Back 5

Thinner layer of peptidoglycan

No teichoic acid

High concentration of various lipids

Front 6

Why do bacteria stain gram-positive?

Back 6

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

Contains teichoic acid

Front 7

Gram-Variable

Back 7

Bacteria that do not stain uniformly

Front 8

Bacteria stain differently because...

Back 8

Cell wall structure

Front 9

Mordant

Back 9

Any solution that fixes the primary stain

Front 10

Differential Staining

Back 10

Process which uses more than one chemical stain.

Allows for microbe identification and distinguishing between cells in a mixed sample.

Front 11

Not Decolorizing Enough

Back 11

Gram-Negative will appear as Gram-Positive

Front 12

Too Much Decolorizing leads to...

Back 12

Gram-Positive will appear as Gram-Negative

Front 13

Counterstain

Back 13

Stain with color contrasting to the principal stain so that the stained structure is easily visible using a microscope.

Front 14

(Assuming the gram stain was correct)

Forgetting the Mordant step on gram-positive bacteria leads to...

Back 14

A red-pink color

Front 15

(Assuming the gram stain was correct)

Forgetting the Mordant step on gram-negative

bacteria leads to...

Back 15

A red-pink color

Front 16

Acid Fast Stain (Differential Stain)

Back 16

Stain primarily used in the identification of pathogenic bacteria in the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Front 17

Mycolic Acid

Back 17

A waxy lipid substance in the cell walls of Mycobacteria and Nocardia

Front 18

Carbolfuchsin (Primary Stain)

Back 18

Forms a complex with the mycolic acid in the cell walls of acid fast (fast = restraint) bacteria making them more resistant to decolorization with acid alcohol

Front 19

Vegetative Cell

Back 19

Metabolically active, reproducing form of a bacterial cell

Front 20

Sporogenesis

Back 20

Process of reproduction via spores (BUT NOT FOR BACTERIA)

Changing environment factors (ie. depletion of vital nutrients such carbon or nitrogen) can act as a stimulus for this process

Front 21

Spore

Back 21

A reproductive cell (containing genetic material) with a thick spore coat and low metabolic activity is extremely resistant and can survive harsh environments that would otherwise kill the vegetative cell.

Survival mechanism

Front 22

Endospore

Back 22

Spore formed within the vegetative cell.

Released upon death of said vegetative cell.

Front 23

Exospore (Free Spore)

Back 23

Referred to the spore that has recently been released from the inside of a dead vegetative cell

Front 24

Germination

Back 24

Process in which a spore begins to grow ONE vegetative cell

Front 25

Clostridium and Bacillus are...

Back 25

Two significant genera of bacteria that are able to produce spores

Front 26

Glycocalyx

Back 26

Gelatinous coating exterior to bacterial cell wall

Varies in thickness and chemical composition among different species of bacteria

Front 27

Slime Layer (Glycocalyx)

Back 27

A layer in bacteria that is an easily removable, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells.

Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

Front 28

Capsule (Glycocalyx)

Back 28

Thick layer; tightly bound to the bacterial cell.

The material helps protect bacteria from the environment by acting as an osmotic barrier and providing a reservoir of stored nutrient.

Provides means of attachment (respiratory tract, medical equipment, teeth) which leads to contamination.

Front 29

Mycology

Back 29

Study of fungi

Front 30

Heterotrophic

Back 30

Organism that require an organic source of carbon

Front 31

Chitin

Back 31

Found in cell walls of fungi.

Large structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose.

Front 32

Saprophytic

Back 32

Organism that feed on dead or decaying organic matter

Front 33

Fungi (Kingdom Fungi or Myceteae)

Back 33

Ranges from microscopic unicellular forms (yeast) to macroscopic multicellular forms (mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi).

Eukaryotic; Heterotrophic; Saprophytic; Contain Chitin.

Source of penicillin & cephalosporin.

Reproduce by spores (both sexual and asexual or budding).

Front 34

Mycoses

Back 34

Diseases that are closely related/caused by fungi

(Athlete's foot, Valley fever)

Front 35

Mycotoxins

Back 35

Produced by fungi that can cause acute symptoms such as hallucinations, liver failure, and cancer.

Front 36

What makes molds unique to yeast?

Back 36

Multicellular and have branched filaments called hyphae.

Front 37

Hyphae

Back 37

Long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus and is the main mode of vegetative growth.

Front 38

Mycelium

Back 38

Mass of hyphae intertwined that are visible to the naked eye.

Front 39

Fungi Imperfecti

Back 39

No sexual spore produced from Fungi

Front 40

Vegetative Mycelia

Back 40

Multiple Mycelium that grow on or into the surface, and extract nutrient.

Front 41

Aerial Mycelia

Back 41

Molds that rise up from the surface and gives rise to spores

Front 42

Pseudohyphae

Back 42

Formed as a result of incomplete budding in yeast cells where they elongate but remain attached after division

Front 43

Yeast

Back 43

Nonfilamentous; unicellular

Are spherical or oval fungi

Reproduce asexually by budding (some can reproduce by sexually)

Front 44

Dimorphic or Biphasic (Fungi)

Back 44

Can grow in both a mold and a yeast form (dependent on the environment; usually temperature).