Microbiology 1: Bacteria Structure

Front 1

Bacteria are larger or smaller than human cells?

Back 1

Smaller.
Bacteria: 0.1-8 micrometers
Human cells: 10-20 micrometers

Front 2

T/F: More bacteria cells on the body than our own cells

Back 2

True (by ten times)

1x10^14 bacteria cells
1x10^13 human cells

Front 3

T/F: Most bacteria causes disease

Back 3

False. Less than 0.01% cause disease

Front 4

T/F: Microbial infection is the leading cause of death worldwide

Back 4

True.

Front 5

Where is bacteria found in the body?

Back 5

MOUTH, skin, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary/vaginal tracts

Front 6

Where, in the human body, are bacteria most commonly found?

Back 6

mouth (over 700 species)

Front 7

What are 3 bacteria-free organs in the human body?

Back 7

bladder
brain
blood vessels/heart

Front 8

Who observed the first microbes?

Back 8

Leeuwenhoek 1677

Front 9

Cellular morphology: round, spherical bacterium called...?

Back 9

coccus

Front 10

Cellular morphology: stick or rod-like bacterium called...?

Back 10

bacillus

Front 11

Cellular morphology: curved rod bacterium called...?

Back 11

spiral

Front 12

Prefix for a string of bacteria

Back 12

strepto-

Front 13

Prefix for a cluster of bacteria

Back 13

staphylo-

Front 14

Many spiral bacteria in a line called...?

Back 14

spirochete

Front 15

T/F...The millions of bacterial cells in a single colony are descendants of a single cell

Back 15

True

Front 16

Swarming patterns are...?

Back 16

Migrating patterns

Front 17

T/F: Bacteria have different colonial shapes, swarming pattterns, edges, elevations, and surfaces.

Back 17

True

Front 18

Bacterial structure: A coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions

Back 18

Glycocalyx

Front 19

Bacterial structure: The site where the large DNA molecule is condensed into a packet. DNA is the code that directs all genetic and heredity of the cell

Back 19

Bacterial chbromosome or nucleoid

Front 20

Bacterial structure: An elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells and in cell adhesion

Back 20

Pilus

Front 21

Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility.

Back 21

flagellum

Front 22

Fine, hairlike bristles from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Back 22

Fimbriae

Front 23

stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed.

Back 23

inclusions/granules

Front 24

a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell

Back 24

cell wall

Front 25

a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool

Back 25

cell membrane

Front 26

tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis

Back 26

ribosomes

Front 27

Functions of glycocalyx

Back 27

protective--from phagocytes, antimicrobial agents, and drying
adhesive--to surfaces or other bacteria
receptor

Front 28

Functions of pilus

Back 28

transfer DNA
adhesion

Front 29

Functions of flagellum

Back 29

cell motility
chemotaxis

Front 30

Functions of fimbriae

Back 30

adhesion

Front 31

Functions of inclusions/granules

Back 31

nutritional storage

Front 32

Functions of cell wall

Back 32

structural support/shape
osmotic barrier
virulence factors

Front 33

Functions of cell membrane

Back 33

controls flow of materials

Front 34

Which of the following bacterial structures is not involved in cell adhesion?
A. Glycocalyx
B. Pilus
C. Fimbriae
D. cell wall

Back 34

D. cell wall

Front 35

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

cell wall

Back 35

basic

Front 36

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

cell membrane

Back 36

basic

Front 37

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

chromosome

Back 37

basic

Front 38

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

ribosomes

Back 38

basic

Front 39

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

inclusions

Back 39

basic

Front 40

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

flagellum

Back 40

special

Front 41

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

fimbriae

Back 41

special

Front 42

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

pilus

Back 42

special

Front 43

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

glycocalyx

Back 43

special

Front 44

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

plasmid

Back 44

special

Front 45

Basic cell structure or special cell structure?

spore

Back 45

special

Front 46

3 components of cell envelope

Back 46

glycocalyx
cell wall
cell membrane

Front 47

flagellum is attaches to cell by what

Back 47

basal body that hols a rotating filament

Front 48

What are the three parts to a flagellum

Back 48

Filament
Hook
Basal body

Front 49

Flagellum attaches to which part of the cell?

Back 49

cell membrane

Front 50

single flagellum at one end

Back 50

monotrichous

Front 51

clusters of flagella at one end

Back 51

lophotrichous

Front 52

a flagellum at each end

Back 52

amphitrichous

Front 53

flagella distribute over the entire surface of the cell

Back 53

peritrichous

Front 54

Which is slower: monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous?

Back 54

peritrichous

Front 55

bacterial movement: Which movement results from counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum?

Back 55

forward "run"

Front 56

bacterial movement: Which movement results from clockwise rotation of the flagellum?

Back 56

random tumble

Front 57

This bacterial structure, used in cell to cell attachment, enables bacteria to colonize and therefore, cause disease

Back 57

fimbriae

Front 58

Other names for pilus

Back 58

F pilus or sex pilus

Front 59

Name the term: a segment of DNA is transferred from one cell to the other through a bacterial pilus

Back 59

conjugation

Front 60

Which bacterial structure facilitates conjugation?

Back 60

pilus

Front 61

Glycocalyx usually composed of what? Sometimes composed of what?

Back 61

Usually polysaccharide
Sometimes protein

Front 62

Two types of glycocalyx

Back 62

Slime layer: thin, irregular
Capsule: thick, regular

Front 63

T/F: Glycocalyx is required for bacterial growth

Back 63

false

Front 64

Glycocalyx is visualized by what kind of stain?

Back 64

Indian ink stain

Front 65

Indian ink stain shows what bacterial structure?

Back 65

glycocalyx

Front 66

Primary component of bacterial cell wall

Back 66

peptidoglycan

Front 67

T/F: Peptidoglycan is found only in bacteria.

Back 67

true

Front 68

How do scientists utilize bacterial cell wall?

Back 68

-target for some antibiotics
-serodiagnosis and classification because of the antigens in the cell walls

Front 69

What are the general steps of staining?

Back 69

Staining
Fixing
Decolorization
Counterstaining

Front 70

What material is used in the staining process of the Gram Stain?

Back 70

crystal violet

Front 71

What material is used in the fixing process of the Gram Stain?

Back 71

iodine

Front 72

What material is used in the decolorization process of the Gram Stain?

Back 72

alcohol or acetone

Front 73

What material is used in the counterstaining process of the Gram Stain?

Back 73

safranin

Front 74

In the gram stain, what color do Gram + and - cells appear?

Back 74

Gram + appear blue-black
Gram - appear red-pink

Front 75

What three general factors differentiate gram + and gram - bacteria? (3)

Back 75

1. number of layers
2. different molecules that anchor into cell wall
3. thickness of peptidoglycan

Front 76

What are the layers of the cell envelope of Gram + bacteria from inside to out?

Back 76

cell membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan

Front 77

What are the layers of the cell envelope of Gram - bacteria (inside to out) ?

Back 77

cell membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan
periplasmic space
outer membrane

Front 78

What type of bacteria has an "outer membrane"?

Back 78

Gram - bacteria

Front 79

bacterial cell wall consists primarily of...?

Back 79

peptidoglycan

Front 80

Compare cell wall of Gram + to gram -

Back 80

peptidoglycan of gram + is thicker than that of gram -

Front 81

What are the acidic polysaccharides in Gram + bacterial cell wall?

Back 81

teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

Front 82

Teichoic acid originates where?

Back 82

peptidoglycan

Front 83

Lipoteichoic acid originates where?

Back 83

cell membrane

Front 84

What are the units of peptidoglycan?

Back 84

NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine)
NAM (N-acetyl muramic acid)
tetrapeptide attached to NAM
pentaglycine peptide crosslinker

Front 85

Arrangement of what is responsible for rigidity and porosity of bacteria

Back 85

components of peptidoglycan

Front 86

Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid found in gram +, gram -, or both?

Back 86

Only Gram +

Front 87

What is the function of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid?

Back 87

virulence
attachment
viability

Front 88

What is significant about periplasmic space?

Back 88

it is an ACTIVE compartment.
Contains beta-lactamase which degrades penicillin

Front 89

What are the 2 layers of the outer membrane made of?

Back 89

outer--LPS layer with porins
inner-- phospholipid layer

Front 90

primary function of outer membrane

Back 90

permeability barrier to large molecules and hydrophobic molecules

protection from adverse conditions

Front 91

LPS in Gram + or Gram - bacteria?

Back 91

Gram -

Front 92

Name 3 components of LPS

Back 92

1. Lipid A--toxic anchor molecule
2. Core polysaccharide
3. O antigen--antigenic diversity

Front 93

Another name for LPS

Back 93

endotoxin

Front 94

Another name for endotoxin

Back 94

LPS

Front 95

What is the part of the outer membrane that is toxic to animals

Back 95

Lipid A in LPS

Front 96

Significance of LPS to humans

Back 96

toxic
induces immune response
coagulation factor
leads to fever (TNF), sepsis (clotting), and shock (hypotension from increase vascular permeability)

Front 97

Porins are found in Gram +, Gram -, or both?

Back 97

Only gram -

Front 98

Porins allow passage of what kinds of molecules?

Back 98

hydrophilic molecules (including antibiotics)
metabolites

Front 99

In gram - bacteria, is Periplasmic space extensive or narrow?

Back 99

Extensive

Front 100

Which is more permeable to molecules--gram + or gram - bacteria?

Back 100

Gram + (less layers)

Front 101

Name of bacteria without cell walls

Back 101

mycoplasma (contain steroid from host)

Front 102

Bacteria with weird cell walls

Back 102

Mycobacteria, corynebacterium, nocardia

cell wall surrounded by wax-like mycolic acid (lipid)

Front 103

Mycobacteria, corynebacterium, nocardia determined by what kind of stain?

Back 103

Acid fast stain

Front 104

Chemical used in staining step of Acid Fast Stain

Back 104

carbol fuchsin

Front 105

Chemical used in fixingstep of Acid Fast Stain

Back 105

phenol

Front 106

Chemical used in decolorization step of Acid Fast Stain

Back 106

acid or alcohol

Front 107

Chemical used in counterstaining step of Acid Fast Stain

Back 107

methylene blue

Front 108

those that resist decolorization are acid fast and appear...

Back 108

pink

Front 109

% peptidoglycan of Gram + cell wall

Back 109

80%

Front 110

% peptidoglycan of Gram - cell wall

Back 110

40% (and 40% lipid)

Front 111

% peptidoglycan of Acid Fast bacterial cell wall

Back 111

20% (60% lipid)

Front 112

most dynamic bacterial structure

Back 112

cell membrane

Front 113

structural parts of phospholipid

Back 113

phosphate head
fatty acid tails

Front 114

Functions of cell membrane

Back 114

Barrier--selective permeability
Transport
Energy generator (ATP synthase and ATPase)
Membrane lipid synthesis
coordinate DNA replication and segregation

Front 115

Most antimicrobial peptides (including defensins from immune cells) target which part of a bacterium?

Back 115

cell membrane

Front 116

How is bacterial chromosome different than human?

Back 116

No histones

circular and single

Has DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV to wind (condense) and unwind DNA respectively

Front 117

Which of the following is incorrect about plasmids?
A. only found in some bacteria
B. circular
C. double stranded
D. duplicate and pass to offspring
E. essential for bacterial growth and metabolism
F. Encode antibiotic resistance proteins

Back 117

E. Plasmids are NOT essential for bacterial growth and metabolism

Front 118

What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes?

Back 118

30S
50S

Front 119

function of spore

Back 119

dehydrated, multishelled structure that enable bacteria to survive under harsh envir. conditions

Front 120

Which type of bacteria make spores: Gram + or Gram -?

Back 120

Only Gram +

Front 121

cortex of spore composed primarily of what material?

Back 121

peptidoglycan

Front 122

Calcium content of Vegetative cells

Back 122

low

Front 123

Calcium content of spores

Back 123

high

Front 124

Dipicolinic acid level of Vegetative cells

Back 124

absent

Front 125

Dipicolinic acid level of spores

Back 125

present

Front 126

water content of vegetative cells

Back 126

80-90%

Front 127

water content of spores

Back 127

10-25%

Front 128

enzyme activity in vegetative cells

Back 128

high

Front 129

enzyme activity in spores

Back 129

low

Front 130

cytoplasmic pH of vegetative cells

Back 130

7

Front 131

cytoplasmic pH of spores

Back 131

6

Front 132

macromolecule synthesis of vegetative cells

Back 132

present

Front 133

macromolecule synthesis of spores

Back 133

absent