Microbiology

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ISOTOPES

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Different number of neutrons than protons

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Isomers

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Same molecular formula, different structures

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Ionic bonds

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One ion is the donor, one is the recipient

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Covalent Bonds

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Single, double, triple bonds H2, O2, N2

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Hydrogen bonds

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Weak bonds: an attraction between hydrogen and something more positive

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Polar

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Uneven charge

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Non polar

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Even charge

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Synthesis

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Synthesis reaction: smaller things to make bigger things A+B =ab (anabolism)

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Decomposition reactions

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Catabolic reactions AB> A+B

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Anabolic + Catabolic

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Metabolism

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Exchange reaction

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AB + CD = AD+CB

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Reversible Reaction

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A+B = ab or AB = A+B ( can go both ways)

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Organic

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1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acid

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INORGANIC:WATER

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Solvent in which biochemical reactions occur - aqueous solution

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Aqueous solution

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Like dissolves like

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Hydrophilic

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Polar attracted to water

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Hydrophobic

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Non polar, repelled by water

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Cohesive

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Sticks to itself

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Adhesive

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Sticks to others

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INORGANIC : oxygen

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Nutrient for most heterotropes( Arobes) waste products for most photoautotropes

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INORGANIC:carbon dioxide

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Nutrient for autotropes, water product for most heterotropes

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Capnophile

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Prefers Co2 over O2

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INORGANIC : electrolytes

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Substance that release ions in aqueous solution.

Acids (h+)

Bases (oh+)

Salts ( neither + or -)

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R AND R' prime

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Used to signify the rest of the macro molecules

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Monomer

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"Building block" for polymers

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Polymers

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Many monomers, created by dehydration synthesis

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ATP

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Adenosine triphosphate " energy currency "

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Dephosphoryllation

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Energy spent

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Phosphoryllation

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Energy stored

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Disease

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Any abnormal state in which homeostasis is disrupted and the body isn't functioning normally

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Pathology

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Study of disease

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Degenerative disease

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Caused by use or aging

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Neoplastic

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Tumors are formed

Spreading Tumors, metastatic:cancerous

Non-spreading

Benign: non-canerous

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Hereditary disease

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Inherited from parental enzyme

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Metabolic disease

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Usually lacking a particular enzyme

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Immunological disease

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Specific immune defenses damaged or lacking

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Infectious disease

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Caused by pathogens

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Epidemiology

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The study of when and where disease, particularly infectious disease occur and how they are transmitted

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Septicemia

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Pathogens proliferate in the blood

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Toxemia

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Toxins in the blood

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Primary infection

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Acute infections that cause the initial illness

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Secondary infection

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Opportunistic infection after the primary ( predisposing) infection

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Subclinical disease

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No noticeable signs or symptoms ( unapparent infection) leads to "silent carriers" like "Typhoid Mary"

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Patient zero

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Who started the outbreak

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Contact transmission :direct

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Requires close Association between infected and susceptible host

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Contact transmission: indirect

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Spread by fomites (inanimate objects that harbor pathogens)

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5 F's of pathogen transmission

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1.food

2. Fingers

3. Flies

4.feces

5. Fomites

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Droplet transmission

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Via droplets in the air (less than 3 feet away) more than 3 feet is Airborne transmission

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Vehicle Transmission

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On a medium , by food, air or water

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Vectors

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Arthropods (insects with jointed legs) especially flies, ticks and mosquitoes

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Mechanical pathogens

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on surface of vectors

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Biological Pathogens

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Reproduce inside the vector

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EID

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Emerging Infectious Disease : something never seen before or something old that is spiking in the population or potential to increase in the near future

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Contributing Factors to EID

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*Genetic Recombination

*Evolution new strains

*Innapropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides

*changes in Weather patterns

*Modern transportation (globalization)

*ecological disasters, war, expanding human settlements

*animal control measures

*public health failure

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Coccidioldomysis

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Fungus, rampant in jails, gets in the skin and eats the skin

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Sporadic disease

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Disease that occur unpredictable I'm a population

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Endemic disease

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Disease constantly present in population

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Epidemic disease

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Acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short period of time

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Pandemic disease

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Global epidemic- world wide (swine flu)

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Etiology

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Cause if the disease

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Normal flora

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Normal microbes found on the body

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Transient microbiota

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May be present for a day, weeks or month

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Symbiosis

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Relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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Types of symbiosis: commensalism

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One organism benefits the other is unaffected (ex. Staph)

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Types of symbiosis: Mutalism

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Both organisms benefit.

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Types of symbiosis: parasitisms

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One organism is benefited at the expense of the other. Ex. Flu virus

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Microbial antagonism

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Competition between microbes

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Normal microbiota protects host by:

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Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy

Producing acid

Producing bateriocans( bacteria that create more bacteria to keep other out)

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Probiotics

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Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effects

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CFU

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Colony forming unit

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Signs

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Change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease ex. Fever, diarrhea ect.

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Symptoms

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Change in body function that Is felt by the patient as result of disease ex. Nausea, pain, fatigue

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Syndrome

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Specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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Resistance

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Ability to fight off disease or pathogens

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Susceptibility

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Lack of resistance, likelihood of getting disease or pathogens

(Inverse relationship between resistance and susceptibility )

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Pre disposing factors

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Make body more susceptible to disease

*inherited traits

*climate and weather

*fatigue

*age (under 5 or over 60)

*lifestyle

*chemotherapy

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Communicable disease (transmissible)

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Disease spread from person to person

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Contagious disease

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Easily spread from one host to another

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Non communicable disease

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Not transmitted from one host to another

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Iatrozenic disease

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Caused as a result of treatment for another disease or condition

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Idiopathic disease

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Etiology can not be determined

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Localized infection

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Confined to limited area

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Infection

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Pathogens multiplying in the body

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Systemic infection

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Spread throughout the body

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Infestation

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Parasitic infection

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Inflammation

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Redness, heat, pain, and swelling (edema) that occur when tissue is damaged, may or may not involve pathogens

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Acute disease

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Symptoms develop rapidly

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Chronic disease

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Develops slowly

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Subacute disease

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Symptoms between acute and chronic

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Latent disease

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Disease with a period of no symptoms when pathogen is not actively dividing ( may be silent carriers with no symptoms)

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HAI

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Healthcare associated infections: acquired as a result of being in a Healthcare setting

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Reasons why HAI happen

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*compromised host

*microorganisms in Healthcare associated environment

*chain of transmission

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Utaneous

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Infection on the skin

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Subtaneous

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Infection under the skin

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Nationally notifiable

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Physician required to report

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Incidence

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Fraction of a population contract a disease during specific time ( how many new cases)

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Prevalorce

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Fraction of population having a specific disease at a given time.

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Morbidity

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Incidence of specific notifiable disease

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Morbidity rate

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# of people afflicted with a notifiable disease in relation to the total population at the given time

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Mortality

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Deaths from a notifiable disease

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Mortality rate

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# of deaths from a notifiable disease in relation to the population in a given time.

Shows how much coverage it will have.

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CDC

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Center for disease control and prevention

*collects and analyze*

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Father of epidemiology

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John snow

*made maps and charted cases of cholera traced to a well.

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Descriptive

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Collection and analysis of data, regarding occurance of disease

*analytical comparison of healthy to disease and keeping statistics

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Experimental

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Study of disease using could controlled experiment.

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Case reporting

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Healthcare workers report specific incidents.