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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism?
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is the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism
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What is catabolism?
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is the energy-releasing processes
also provides the building blocks and energy for anabolism |
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What is anabolism?
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is the energy-using process
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What is metabolic pathways?
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is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reaction in a cell
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What are metabolic pathways determined by?
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enzymes
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Enzymes are encoded by what?
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genes
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Enzymes are also know as?
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biological catalyst
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Enzymes are specific for a chemical reaction but?
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not used up in a reaction
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Enzymes speed up reactions by?
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lowering activation energy
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Enzymes use?
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3D active sitefor substrate
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What is the turn over number?
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the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to the product each sencond
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Enzymes end in?
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ase
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what is a holoenzyme?
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Apoenzyme + cofactor
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What is a apoenzyme and a cofactor? or Coenzyme?
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protien and cofator is nonprotein component and coenzyme is organic cofactor
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How do enzymes function?
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substrate contracts enzymes active site, E-s intermediate forms, substrate transform, sepeeration
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How does temperature influence Enzyme activity?
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the rate of the chemical reaction increases as the temperature increases, the activity is maximized at the optimal temperature, the rate of the enzyme activite decrease above the optimal temperaturebeacuse the higher temperature causes denaturing
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How does pH influenced Enzyme activity?
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an enzyme has maximum activity at the optimal pH, away from the optimal pH the enzyme activity lowers till denturing occurs
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How does substrate concentration influenced enzyme activity?
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enzyme activity is increased with increased substrate concentration till saturation is reached
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Why do inhibitors combine with enzyme?
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to prevent them from functioning
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What is competitive inhibition?
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inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme and compete with the normal substrate because of the shape and chemical structure are similar to the substrate. irreversible, reversible
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What is noncompetitive inhibition?
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inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site, but interact with the allosteric site on the enzyme which in turn changes the shape of the active site thus making it nonfunctional. irreversible, reversible
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What is feedback inhibition?
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the end product binds to the allosteric site of the first enzyme in the pathway which turns the pathway off
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What is oxidation and reduction?
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oxidation is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule
reduction is the gaining/addition of electrons to an atom or molecule |
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What are types of phosphorylation?
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oxidative-phoshorylation, substrate-level phoshorylation, photophosphorylation
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What is oxidative phoshorylation?
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the synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport.
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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the synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP
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What is photophosphorylation?
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the sythesis of ATP initiated when light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons to the ETC
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What is a phototrophs?
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light is primary energy source
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What is chemotrophs?
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oxidation-reduction reactions for energy
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What is autotrophs?
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carbon dioxide; inorganic C-sorce
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What is heterotrophs?
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organic C-sorces
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What is photoautotrophs?
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uses light as an energy source and carbon dioxide as C source. photosynthetic bacteria
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What is photoheterotrophs?
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uses light as an energy source and organic sources of carbon. green and purple nonsulfur bacteria
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What is chemoautotrophs?
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uses carbon form CO2; energy from inorganic compounds like H2s, NH3
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What is chemoheterotrophs?
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uses energy and carbon source from organic molecules, oxidize organic molecules, most organisms
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What is carbohydrate catabolism?
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the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
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What is aerobic respiration?
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oxygen is the final electron acceptor
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What is glycolysis?
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gucose broken down to pyruvic acid. first stage of of respiration and fermentation
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What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
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glycolysis, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain
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What is chemoheterotrophs?
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uses energy and carbon source from organic molecules, oxidize organic molecules, most organisms
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What is carbohydrate catabolism?
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the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
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What is aerobic respiration?
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oxygen is the final electron acceptor
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What is glycolysis?
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gucose broken down to pyruvic acid. first stage of of respiration and fermentation
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What are the steps of aerobic respiration?
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glycolysis, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain
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What is the glucose equation?
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C6H12O6+6O2+38ADP----> 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
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