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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Size of a virus:
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diameter of 18-300nm
(1nm = 10^-9m) |
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Capsomeres
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subunits of the viral capsid
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Icosahedral particles
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20 faces with 12 vertices
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Eclipse Phase
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Lag in viral production immediately following cell infection
Reflects the time required to replicate virions within the host cell |
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Difference of optimal replication temperature for respiratory viruses vs. other types"
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Respiratory = 33-34C
Other = 37C |
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Phases of viral replication:
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1. Absorption--> attach to rec.
2. Penetration--> pass through membrane 3. Uncoating of genome in cytoplasm 4. Biosynthesis 5. Maturation--> assembly of macromolecules 6. Release of virus from host |
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Difference between Electron Microscopy and Immune Electron Microscopy:
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Electron Microscopy= determine physical properties of the viral particles--> ID virus family
Immune Electron Microscopy= ID and concetrate virions; treat with antibody and aggregate |
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ELISA
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
VERY SENSITIVE uses AB with enzyme and substrate |
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RIA technique
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Radioimmunoassay
same principle as IF or ELISA, but Ab labeled with radioactive material |
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Molecular Hybridization
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to detect viral nucleic acids using chain asociation
labeled known DNA or RNA hybridizes with viral unknown DNA |
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PCR uses in Virus Diagnoses
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For RNA viruses, MUST MAE DNA COPY FOR PCR TECHNIQUE
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Inflammatory Cells in Viral Infection
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MONONUCLEAR CELLS:
macrophages lymphocytes plasmacytes |
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NSP4
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toxin produced by rotavirus
causes diarrhea (rare for virus to produce toxin) |
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IFN Type II
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IFN-γ
produced by Macrophages, NK cells, or TH1 cells |
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IFN Type I
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IFN-α (leukocyte)
IFN-β (fibroblasts) generally produced by all nucleated cells |
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Synctium
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the attachment of many cells to form a giant cell
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Cellular path ways for IFN to prevent viral spread:
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CELL1 (host):
dsDNA (viral)[=] NK-β ------> NK-β induces transcription of IFN-β ---------> IFN-β leaves cell and binds to CELL-2 IFN-β receptor -----------------------> STAT-1 and STAT-2 activated and induce transcription of anti-viral proteins PAMPS may activate TLRs on macrophages/ DC to induce expression of IFN-αβ |
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How to induce IFN Type II expression
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activated TC or NK
IL-2 or IL-12 |
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What cytokines induce Type II IFN?
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IL-2 or IL-12
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Protein Kinase R
(PKR) |
Blocks protein translation by targeting eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2-α
induced by IFN-α, β, γ |
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IFN-stimulated gene p56
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Blocks protein translation by blocking eIF3
induced by IFN-α, β, γ |
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2'-5' Oligo A synthase (OAS)
RNase L |
Destroys any mRNA,
Activates apoptosis induced by IFN-α, β, γ |
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RNA Deaminase
(ADAR) |
Edits mRNA A-->T, altering protein sequence
induced by IFN-α, β, γ |
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MHC I, TAP, proteosome effects with IFN
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Enhances CTL recognition
induced by IFN- γ |
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Inducible NO synthase
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Production of reactive oxygen speceis, NO
Kills infected cells induced by IFN-γ |
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Hemagglutinin-Ab
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Ab which bind to hemagluttinin of some viruses
hinders attachment to cells |
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Ig-A2
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secretory Ig-A
protect mucosal epithelia |
