Microbio Test 4

Front 1

dose required to produce infection in 50% of population

Back 1

ID 50

Front 2

dose required to kill 50% of population

Back 2

LD 50

Front 3

what is the ID 50 of Salmonella?

Back 3

1x10^4 cfu

Front 4

what is the ID 50 of Anthrax?

Back 4

8x10^3 cfu

Front 5

what is the LD 50 of Salmonella?

Back 5

1x10^7 cfu

Front 6

what is the LD 50 of Anthrax?

Back 6

4x10^4 cfu

Front 7

attachment proteins are called

Back 7

ligands

Front 8

what is attachment of the pathogen to the host tissues called?

Back 8

adherence factors aka colonization factors

Front 9

what does virulence mean?

Back 9

degree of pathogenicity

Front 10

what are microbial factors that neutralize or destroy the immune responses called?

Back 10

virulence factors

Front 11

fimbriae, pilim adhesins, anti-receptors are all what?

Back 11

adhesion factors

Front 12

what prevents phagocytosis?

Back 12

capsules and slime layers

Front 13

what do hydrolytic enzymes do?

Back 13

digest tissues and blood cells

Front 14

what convey's antibiotic resistance or virulence factors?

Back 14

plasmids

Front 15

what type of toxin is secreted by bacteria?

and are mostly gram ____

Back 15

exotoxins

positive

Front 16

what type of toxin is part of the cell wall?

and are mostly gram ____

Back 16

endotoxins

negative

Front 17

which toxins are specific and which are non-specific?

Back 17

specific: exotoxins (gram +)
non: endotoxins (gram -)

Front 18

which toxins are composed of lipopolysaccharides?

Back 18

endotoxins

Front 19

these are protein toxins

Back 19

exotoxins

Front 20

Clostridium botulinum is a ___toxin

endo or exo?

Back 20

neurotoxin

exotoxin

Front 21

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a ___toxin

endo or exo?

Back 21

cytotoxin (cells)

exotoxin

Front 22

Staphylococcus aureus is a ___toxin

endo or exo?

Back 22

enterotoxin (intestines)

exotoxin

Front 23

Escherichia coli is a ___toxin

endo or exo?

Back 23

enterotoxin

exotoxin

Front 24

Vibrio cholerae is a ___toxin

endo or exo?

Back 24

enterotoxin

exotoxin

Front 25

endotoxins produce ___, toxemia, ___ blood pressure, organ failure, septic shock and death

Back 25

fever, low BP

Front 26

Salmonella typhi

endo or exotoxin?

Back 26

endotoxin

Front 27

Escherichia coli

endo or exotoxin?

Back 27

endotoxin

Front 28

cell death or lysis is what?

Back 28

direct damage

Front 29

allergic responses is what?

Back 29

hypersensitivity

Front 30

toxins are produced by _____

Back 30

bacteria

Front 31

pathology is what?

Back 31

the study of disease

Front 32

the root cause of disease/origin/causative agent is called ____

Back 32

etiology

Front 33

development or progression of disease due to pathogen is called _____

Back 33

pathogenesis

Front 34

the entry of a pathogen into the body of an individual is the ______ or _____

Back 34

exposure or contamination

Front 35

the potential for infection is present after _____, however, in some cases ____ may not result

Back 35

exposure

infection

Front 36

this is the invasion AND colonization of host by pathogen

Back 36

infection

Front 37

abnormal state or functioning in host

Back 37

disease

Front 38

____ results only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body

Back 38

disease

Front 39

disease is also referred to as _____

Back 39

morbidity

Front 40

this is an individual who harbors a pathogen and is able to transmit the pathogen to others

Back 40

carrier

Front 41

carriers may be completely _____

Back 41

asymptomatic

Front 42

who is an example in history of a carrier

Back 42

Typhoid Mary

Front 43

therapy designed to prevent infection before, or after, a person has been exposed to a pathogen

Back 43

prophylaxis

Front 44

therapy which is used o treat the symptoms of a disease but will not ordinarily cure the disease

Back 44

palliative

Front 45

what is an example of a prophylaxis?

Back 45

AIDS cocktail

Front 46

resistance to infection

Back 46

immunity

Front 47

these are microorganisms which are normal inhabitants of the body

Back 47

normal flora

Front 48

who is at high risk of their normal flora?

Back 48

hospitalized patients

Front 49

persist in the body from hours to months only

Back 49

transient flora

Front 50

symptoms and signs that form a disease

Back 50

syndrome

Front 51

these are felt by the host (subjective characteristics that are felt by the patient)

Back 51

symptoms

Front 52

these are seen by others, objective manifestations that can be observed or measured by others)

Back 52

signs

Front 53

asymptomatic lack ____ but still have ____

Back 53

symptoms but still have signs

Front 54

these are contagious diseases (readily transmitted from one person to another)

Back 54

communicable disease

Front 55

examples of communicable diseases:

Back 55

measles, colds, cholera, plague, etc

Front 56

non-contagious diseases (not readily transmitted)

Back 56

non-communicable disease

Front 57

examples of non communicable diseases:

Back 57

tetanus (intoxication), botulism (intoxication), gangrene (infection)

Front 58

occasional outbreaks

Back 58

sporadic disease

Front 59

rapid spread of disease, many cases reported in short time

Back 59

epidemic disease

Front 60

worldwide epidemic

Back 60

pandemic disease

Front 61

disease constantly present in population or geographic location

Back 61

endemic disease

Front 62

following infection, sequence of events called the ____ ____ occurs. many infectious diseases have how many stages following infection?

Back 62

disease process

5

Front 63

what are the 5 stages after infection of disease?

Back 63

incubation period
prodromal period
illness
decline
convalescence

Front 64

rapid onset, short duration

Back 64

acute disease

Front 65

what are examples of acute diseases

Back 65

colds, measles

Front 66

gradual onset, long duration

Back 66

chronic disease

Front 67

examples of chronic disease

Back 67

tuberculosis, lepracy

Front 68

inactive or inapparent infection

Back 68

latent disease

Front 69

examples of latent disease

Back 69

shingles or herpes

Front 70

the total number of cases of a disease in a population

Back 70

prevalence

Front 71

the number of new cases of a given disease (above the expected prevalence)

Back 71

incidence

Front 72

limited to one site or area in body

Back 72

local infection

Front 73

spread throughout the body usually by blood or lymph

Back 73

systemic infection

Front 74

point source for systemic infections

Back 74

focal infection

Front 75

presence of viable bacteria in blood

Back 75

bacteremia

Front 76

growth of microbes in the bloodstream

Back 76

septicemia

Front 77

toxins in the bloodstream

Back 77

toxemia

Front 78

viruses replicating in the bloodstream

Back 78

viremia

Front 79

initial infection

Back 79

primary infection

Front 80

subsequent infection usually by opportunistic pathogen

Back 80

secondary infection

Front 81

this type of infection may become life-threatening if not treated

Back 81

secondary infection

Front 82

unnoticed (mild) or inapparent symptoms

Back 82

subclinical infection

Front 83

sources of infection are called

Back 83

reservoirs

Front 84

what are the 3 transmissions of disease?

Back 84

contact
vehicle
vector

Front 85

transmission by food water or airborne aerosols

Back 85

vehicle

Front 86

animals (usually insects) which transmit disease

Back 86

vectors

Front 87

passive transport of microbes (ex: flies, roaches)

Back 87

mechanical vectors

Front 88

allow incubation and development of pathogen (fleas, ticks, lice, mosquitoes)

Back 88

biological vectors

Front 89

infections acquired while in a health care facility

Back 89

nosocomial infections

Front 90

3 types of nosocomial infections:

Back 90

exogenous
endogenous
iatrogenic

Front 91

pathogen acquired from the health care environment

Back 91

exogenous

Front 92

pathogen arise from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting

Back 92

endogenous

Front 93

pathogen from modern medical procedures

Back 93

iatrogenic

Front 94

2 measures of tracking occurrence of diseases

Back 94

incidence and prevalence

Front 95

number of NEW cases of a disease in a given area during a given time period

Back 95

incidence

Front 96

number of total cases of disease in a given area during a given time period

Back 96

prevalence

Front 97

involved in the collection of data related to disease: age, gender, risk factors, socio-economics, geography

Back 97

descriptive epidemiology

Front 98

involved in the verification and validation of data, issue long term prospectives, impact analyses and recommendations

Back 98

analytical epidemiology

Front 99

which type of epidemiology tries to identify the index case (first case) of the disease?

Back 99

descriptive

Front 100

which type of epidemiology seeks to determine the probably cause, mode of transmission, and methods of prevention?

Back 100

analytical

Front 101

which type of epidemiology is often retrospective (occurs after an outbreak has occured)

Back 101

analytical

Front 102

mediated by anitbody molecules found in blood, lymph, and other fluids

Back 102

humoral immune system

Front 103

these are produced in fetal liver and adult bone marrow

Back 103

B lymphocytes

Front 104

B lymphocytes may differentiate into plasma cells (____ producers) or memory cells (anamnestic response)

Back 104

antibody

Front 105

B-cells are typically found in ___ tissue
ex:

Back 105

lymphoid

spleen, lymph nodes

Front 106

do plasma cells or memory b cells secrete antibodies?

Back 106

plasma cells

Front 107

which are long lived and which are short lived? plasma cells and memory b cells

Back 107

plasma: short
memory b: long

Front 108

antibodies aka _____

Back 108

immunoglobulins

Front 109

this antibody accounts for majority of antibodies in blood. responsible for neutralizing bacteria, viruses and toxins. can cross placenta. triggers complement

Back 109

IgG

Front 110

this is a dimeric antibody found in the mucous membranes, may be passed from mother to child in colostrum during breastfeeding

Back 110

IgA

Front 111

a pentameric antibody that is usually the first antibody to appear in response to infection

Back 111

IgM

Front 112

antibody found as receptors on basophils and mast cells, mediate allergic reactions by binding antigen and causing mast cells and basophils to release histamine

Back 112

IgE

Front 113

which antibody's function is not known?

Back 113

IgD

Front 114

where do t lymphocytes produce?

Back 114

red bone marrow

Front 115

cell mediated immunity is mediated by what?

Back 115

T lymphocytes

Front 116

Specific Immunity: MHC proteins (recognition of self vs nonself)

Back 116

discrimination

Front 117

Specific Immunity: memory (____ response)

Back 117

anamnestic response

Front 118

how do B and T cells communicate?

Back 118

cytokines

Front 119

MHC antigens are membrane _______

Back 119

glycoproteins

Front 120

which type of MHC proteins are seen in antigen presenting cells?

Back 120

type II

Front 121

lymph nodes contain __ and __ cells

Back 121

B and T

Front 122

lymphoid cells develop from stem cells in the ______ and fetal ____

Back 122

bone marrow and fetal liver

Front 123

which cells comprise the Humoral immune system?

Back 123

B cells

Front 124

these are antibody producing cells

Back 124

B-plasma cells

Front 125

where do T cells mature?

Back 125

thymus gland

Front 126

which cells mediate critical effector and regulatory factors?

Back 126

T cells

Front 127

which cells comprise cell mediated immunity?

Back 127

T-cells

Front 128

B cells may differentiate into __ or ___

Back 128

plasma cells or memory cells

Front 129

which cells are antibody producers?

Back 129

plasma cells

Front 130

which cells have the anamnestic response?

Back 130

memory cells

Front 131

these are short lived cells that die within a few days of activation

Back 131

plasma cells

Front 132

these are soluble protein molecules that bind antigen

Back 132

antibodies

Front 133

do memory b cells secrete antibodies?

Back 133

no

Front 134

do plasma cells secrete antibodies?

Back 134

yes

Front 135

these are long lived cells that divide only a few times

Back 135

memory b cells

Front 136

are antibodies considered part of the humoral immune response?

Back 136

yes

Front 137

why are T cells part of the CMI?

Back 137

they act directly against antigens

Front 138

these cells help activate T cytotoxic cells

Back 138

TH 1

Front 139

these cells coordinate the immune response between macrophages, b cells, and antigens

Back 139

TH 2

Front 140

which cells typically have CD-4 protein surface receptors ("markers")

Back 140

TH 2

Front 141

these cells regulate the immune activation and modulation "on/off switch"

Back 141

T-suppressor cells

Front 142

these cells maintain immunological tolerance and typically have CD-8 markers

Back 142

T-suppressor cells

Front 143

these cells are activated by the secretion of IL-2 and INF produced by TH1 cells

Back 143

T-cytotoxic cells

Front 144

these cells seek out and directly attack cells/tissure showing presence of non-self antigens, CD-8 markers

Back 144

T-cytotoxic

Front 145

these cells are responsible for delayed inflammatory response to antigens

Back 145

T-delayed hypersensitivity cells

Front 146

TH1 cells assist ____ cells

Back 146

T-cytotoxic

Front 147

TH2 cells assist ____ cells

Back 147

B cells

Front 148

these cells are responsible for anti-tumor activity and anti-parasite activitiy

Back 148

natural killer cells

Front 149

killer cells are considered ____ cells

Back 149

non-specific

Front 150

these are gram negative bacilli, which are facultatively anaerobic, and cause dysentery

Back 150

Shigella

Front 151

these possess axial filaments

Back 151

Treponema

Front 152

the main difference between Clostridium and Bacillus is:

Back 152

oxygen requirements

Front 153

can Escherichia or Salmonella ferment lactose?

Back 153

Escherichia

Front 154

what is considered to be both a virulence and adherence factor?

Back 154

capsule

Front 155

antibodies are important to which immune reaction?

Back 155

agglutination reactions

Front 156

an anti venom or anti toxin would be which type of immunity?

Back 156

passive artificial immunity