Microbio Test 3

Front 1

theraputic dose

Back 1

the drug level required for clinical treatment of a particular infection

Front 2

toxic dose

Back 2

the drug level at which the agent becomes too toxic for the host (produces undesirable side effects)

Front 3

therapeutic index

Back 3

the ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose: the larger the better, all things being equal

Front 4

penicillin

Back 4

inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Front 5

cephalosporins

Back 5

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Front 6

aminoglycosides

Back 6

inhibits protein synthesis

Front 7

tetracycline

Back 7

inhibit protein synthesis

Front 8

chloraphenicol

Back 8

inhibits protein synthesis

Front 9

erthromycin

Back 9

inhibits protein synthesis

Front 10

clindamycin

Back 10

broad spectrum, inhibits protein synthesis

Front 11

vancomycin

Back 11

very toxic, narrow spectrum. inhibits cell wall.

Front 12

rifampin

Back 12

inhibits DNA or RNA (stops cell growth)

Front 13

bacitracin (neosporin)

Back 13

narrow spectrum. used against strep and staph

Front 14

sulfanomides

Back 14

inhibit folic acid synthesis

Front 15

fluroquinolones

Back 15

inhibits bacterial DNA gyrace (DNA twisting)

Front 16

superficial mycoses

Back 16

infections of superficial tissues. treated with topical application (anti-fungal)

Front 17

systemic mycoses

Back 17

more difficult to treat. severe side effects (anti-fungal)

Front 18

quinine

Back 18

anti parasitic chemotherapy.

Front 19

antihelminth drug therapy

Back 19

most effective drug. immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit the metabolism of the worm

Front 20

antiviral drugs

Back 20

three major modes of action: stop virus from entering, blocking transcription and translation of viral molecules, and preventing maturation of viral particals

Front 21

interferon (IFN)

Back 21

glycoprotiein produced in response to various immune stimuli. it reduces healing time, slows progression of some cancer, and reduces symptoms

Front 22

drug resistance

Back 22

an adaptive response in which microorganisms being to tolerate an amount of a drug that usually would be inhibitory.

Front 23

disk diffusion tests

Back 23

disks impregnated with drugs are places on agar inoculated with the test organisms. The clear zone is measured

Front 24

microbial antagonism

Back 24

hosts with compromised immune systems could be infected by their own biota

Front 25

endogenous infections

Back 25

caused by biota that are already present in the body.

Front 26

pathogenicity

Back 26

the ability of a parasitic organism to cause a disease.

Front 27

virulence

Back 27

the degree or intensity of pathogenicity of an organism. determined by the ability to establish itself in the host, and the ability to cause damage

Front 28

invasiveness

Back 28

the ability of the organism to spread to adjacent tissues

Front 29

infectivity

Back 29

the ability of the organism to establish a focal point of infection

Front 30

endogenous disease

Back 30

a disease caused by the host's own microbiota because the host's own microbiota because the host's resistance has dropped

Front 31

exogenous

Back 31

from a source outside the body

Front 32

leukocidins

Back 32

extracellular enzymes that kill phagocytic leukocytes

Front 33

toxigenicity

Back 33

the capacity of an organism to produce a toxin

Front 34

toxin

Back 34

a specific substance, often a metabolic product of the organism, that damages the host in some specified manner

Front 35

toxinoses

Back 35

a variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity

Front 36

toxemia

Back 36

symptoms caused by toxins in the blood of the host

Front 37

intoxications

Back 37

toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism)

Front 38

exotoxins

Back 38

soluble, heat-liable proteins produced by and released from an organism; may damage the host at some remote site (specific)

Front 39

endotoxin

Back 39

molecules that are part of the cell wall of the pathogen (systemic)

Front 40

necrosis

Back 40

death to cell or tissue

Front 41

localized infection

Back 41

microbe that remains confined to a specific tissue

Front 42

focal infection

Back 42

a microbe that breaks away from the local infection

Front 43

primary infection

Back 43

an initial infection

Front 44

secondary infection

Back 44

a second infection upon the primary infection

Front 45

acute infection

Back 45

a severe but short lived infection

Front 46

chronic infection

Back 46

progresses and persists over a long period of time

Front 47

sign

Back 47

any objective evidence of disease that is noted by an observer

Front 48

symptom

Back 48

disease as sensed by patient

Front 49

edema

Back 49

accumulation of fluid in an afflicted tissue

Front 50

septicemia

Back 50

microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

Front 51

bactermia or viremia

Back 51

microbes are present in the blood but are not multiplying

Front 52

asymptomatic

Back 52

patient does not experience symptoms or disease

Front 53

first line of defense

Back 53

barrier, not a true immune response (skin and mucous membranes)

Front 54

secondary line of defense

Back 54

protection cells and fluid. phagocytosis and inflammation

Front 55

third line of defense

Back 55

long term immunity. T and B Cells

Front 56

immunology

Back 56

study of biological, chemical and physical events surrounding immune phenomena.

Front 57

neutrophils

Back 57

granulocyte. act in phagocytosis.

Front 58

neutraphilia

Back 58

abundant amount of neutrophils, which means there is a bacterial infection

Front 59

eosinphils

Back 59

present during a parasitic infection. mostly in spleen and bone marrow. granulocyte

Front 60

eosinophilia

Back 60

increased amount of eosinophils, which means a parasitic worm is present

Front 61

basophil

Back 61

contains histamines for allergies and inflammation. Granulocytes

Front 62

lymphocytes

Back 62

B cells and T cells. Agranulocyte (b from bone marrow, t from thymus)

Front 63

monocytes

Back 63

phagocytes. from bone marrow. agrannulocyte

Front 64

diapedesis

Back 64

adherence of WBC to wall of small blood vessels, where they can migrate out of the blood into tissue spaces

Front 65

inflammatory response

Back 65

a reaction to any traumatic even in the tissues. Signs are redness, warmth, swelling, pain and loss of function

Front 66

immunocompetence

Back 66

the type immunity is acquired only after an immunizing event such as an infection.

Front 67

epitopes

Back 67

areas of an antigen that can stimulate production of specific antibodies and that can combine with them

Front 68

memory cells

Back 68

ensure future reactiveness against that antigen

Front 69

class I genes

Back 69

code for markers that regulate acceptance or rejection of tissue grafts

Front 70

class II genes

Back 70

regulate immune responses located primarily on macrophages. involved in presenting antigens to T cells during cooperative immune reactions

Front 71

class III gene

Back 71

code for certain secreted complement components

Front 72

antigens

Back 72

foreign substances, such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, etc that provoke an immune response in specific lymphocytes

Front 73

hapten

Back 73

a small, organic molecule that is not itself antigenic but may become antigenic when bound to a larger carrier molecule

Front 74

alloantigens

Back 74

cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others

Front 75

superantigens

Back 75

bacterial toxins, potential stimuli for T-cells

Front 76

allergens

Back 76

antigens that evoke allergic reactions

Front 77

antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Back 77

cells that act upon and formally present antigens to lymphocytes

Front 78

cytotoxicity

Back 78

the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell

Front 79

killer T-Cell

Back 79

becomes activated when it recognizes a foreign peptide complexed with self MHC-I presented to it

Front 80

active immunity

Back 80

individual receives an immune stimulus (antigen) that activates B and T cells, causing immune substances and creates memory cells (getting sick)

Front 81

passive immunity

Back 81

individual receives immune substances (antibodies) that were produced actively in the body of another human (breast milk)

Front 82

natural immunity

Back 82

immunity acquired during normal biological experiences

Front 83

artificial immunity

Back 83

protection from infection obtained through medical procedure, immunization and immune serum

Front 84

acne

Back 84

propionibacterium acnes. bacteria

Front 85

impetigo

Back 85

staphlococcus aureus or streptococcys pyogenres
(bacteria)

Front 86

cellulitis

Back 86

staphylococcus aureus and strephococcus pyogenes (bacteria and fungi)

Front 87

staphlococcal scaled skin syndrome

Back 87

staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)

Front 88

gas gangrene

Back 88

clostridium perfringens (bacteria)

Front 89

chickenpox and shingles

Back 89

varicella-zoster virus and human herpes 3 (virus)

Front 90

small pox (variola virus)

Back 90

orthopoxvirus (virus)