Microbio Exam 1

Front 1

Virus size?

Back 1

Tiny compared to eukaryotic cells and bacterial cells.

Front 2

Virus are what type of life form?

Back 2

Non-cellular.
Obligate cellular parasite.

Front 3

What do viruses have?
What don't viruses have?

Back 3

Viruses have genome: RNA or DNA
Viruses don't have ribosomes or membranes.

Front 4

How do viruses replicate?

Back 4

Viruses replicate only when infecting a cell.

Front 5

Positive factors of viruses? (2 listed in lecture)

Back 5

1. can make positive genetic changes
2. are important tools in bacterial genetics

Front 6

Where is energy production in Bacteria and Archaea?
Where is energy production in Eukarya?

Back 6

Bacteria & Archaea: cytoplasmic membrane

Eukarya: mitochondria (ATP)

Front 7

What is a gene?

Back 7

A segment of DNA containing the information needed to synthesize a particular RNA molecule or protein.

Front 8

Central dogma of biology?

Back 8

DNA (transcription)--> RNA (translation & ribosomes) -->Protein

Front 9

ALL cellular life use _______ to synthesize protein.

Back 9

ribosomes

Front 10

Ribosomes are composed of?

Back 10

rRNA and associated proteins.
large subunit and small subunit.

Front 11

Characteristics of the small and large subunits of ribosomes. (3 listed in lecture)

Back 11

1. small and large subunit RNA present in all life
2. functionally conserved and constrained
3. slow to change over time

Front 12

Nucleoid vs Nucleus?

Back 12

Nucleoid: in Archaea and Bacteria; not membrane-bound; but highly organized
Nucleus: membrane-bound; in Eukarya

Front 13

DNA of Bacteria and Archaea?

Back 13

usually present in one circular chromosome.
genetically they are haploid (n)

Front 14

DNA of Eukarya?

Back 14

DNA packaged into linear chromosomes usually more than 1.
Genetically diploid (2n)

Front 15

The determination of evolutionary relationships between organisms is called?

Back 15

phylogeny

Front 16

What is usually used in phylogenetic constructions? Why?

Back 16

rRNA because it is highly conserved and present in all life.

Front 17

What two domains are more closely related to each other than EITHER is to the third domain?

Back 17

Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than EITHER is to Bacteria.

Front 18

3 sources of energy in nature?

Back 18

1. sunlight
2. organic chemicals
3. inorganic chemials

Front 19

2 types of chemotrophs?

Back 19

1. chemoorganotrophs
2. chemolithotrophs

Front 20

2 types of phototrophs?

Back 20

1. oxygenic photosynthesis: algae, cyanobacteria
2. anoxygenic photosynthesis: purple and green bacteria

Front 21

Life is organic... What do they all use as a major nutrient??

Back 21

carbon

Front 22

Heterotrophs?

Back 22

use organic compounds as carbon source

Front 23

Autotrophs?

Back 23

aka "primary producers"
use CO2 as carbon source

Front 24

Are chemoorganotrophs heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Back 24

heterotrophs

Front 25

Why might chemolithotrophy be a good strategy for life?

Back 25

Way of lessening competition.
Able to use waste products of chemoorganotrophs

Front 26

Gram-negative?

Back 26

-stained as pink
-outer membrane
-thin peptidoglycan wall

Front 27

Gram-positive?

Back 27

-stained as purple
-thick peptidoglycan wall

Front 28

Proteobacteria are all __________.
Famous bacteria are (6 listed in lecture)

Back 28

-all Gram-negative
E. coli (model org), Pseudomonas (bioremediation), Azotobacter (nitrogen fixation), Salmonella, Rickettsia, Nisseria (last 3 are human pathogens)

Front 29

Gram-positive bacteria
-spore formers?
-antibiotic production in soil?
-lactic acid bacteria?
-another bacteria group?

Back 29

-Bacillus, Clostridium
-Streptomyces
-Streptococcus, Lactobacillus
-tuberculosis bacterium

Front 30

Cyanobacteria related to what group?
All are _______ phototrophs?

Back 30

-related to Gram-positive bacteria
-oxygenic