Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 outcomes of exposure to organism
|
1. transient colonization
2. permanent colonization 3. disease |
|
|
difference between colonization and disease
|
-colonizing organisms do not interfere with normal body functions
-in disease, interaction between microbe and human leads to pathologic process (damage to host) |
|
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis always causes
|
tuberculosis
|
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae always causes
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
Francisella tularensis exclusively causes
|
tularemia
|
|
|
rabies virus exclusively causes
|
rabies
|
|
|
diseases exclusively caused by only 1 pathogen
|
1. syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
2. polio (poliovirus) 3. malaria (Plasmodium sp.) 4. tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis) 5. gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoea) 6. tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 7. rabies (rabies virus) |
|
|
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryotes: ribosomes
|
Smaller (70S = 50S + 30S) than eukaryotic ribosome (80S = 60S + 40S)
|
|
|
Bacteria shapes and example of each
|
-coccus/spherical - ex staphylococcus
-bacillus/rod-shaped - ex E.coli -spirillum/snakelike - treponeme pallidum -branched filaments - Nocardia, Actinomyces -Clusters - Staphyloccoccus aureus -Two cells together = diplococcus (Streptococcus or Neisseria) |
|
|
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Cytoplasmic membrane
|
Eukaryote - contains sterol
Prokaryotes - does not contain sterols |
|
|
innate responses
|
-complement
-NK cells -neutrophils -macrophages - send alarm (complement + chemokines) to open vascuulature, provide access of C to site |
|
|
PAMP
|
-pathogen-associated molecular patterns
-recognized by immune cell's receptors -triggers release of: cytokines, IFNs, chemokines |
|
|
cytokines
|
-proteins that stimulate and regulate immune responses
|
|
|
interferons
|
-promote antiviral responses
produced in response to: -viral infections (IFN-alpha, beta) -immune activation (IFN-gamma) |
|
|
chemokines
|
-small proteins, inflammatory responses
-attract phagocytic and inflammatory cells to infection site -receptors for chemokine activation: neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, T cells |
|
|
natural cytolytic cells
|
natural killer cells - kill Ab-decorated, virus-infected/tumor cells
|
|
|
phagocytic cells
|
1- neutrophils - respond to bacteria
2- eosinophils - respond to parasites, allergic resposne 3- macrophages - present Ag, etc. |
|
|
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
|
all APCs express MHC class II antigens
1. monocytes 2. pre-dendritic cells 3. dentritic cells 4. Langerhans cells 5. macrophages 6. B cells |
|
|
monocytes
|
-Ag-presenting cell
-found in blood, lungs, other organs -precursors to macrophage-lineage and DC -involved in cytokine release |
|
|
pre-dendritic cells
|
-Ag-presenting cell
-found in blood and tissue -involved w/ cytokine response to infection -process Ag -Langerhans cell: pre-DC in skin |
|
|
dendritic cell
|
-Ag-presenting cell
**most potent Ag presenters -found in lymph nodes, tissue -myeloid and lymphoid organs -immature/mature DC; langerhans cells, dermal interstitial cells, DC in spleen, liver, thymus, LN germinal centers, blood -only APC that can initiate imune response with a naive T lymphocyte -follicular DC: LN/spleen, not hematopoietic, have tendrils and "sticky" surface--> concentrate/present Ags to B cells |
|
|
Langerhans cell
|
-Ag-presenting cell
-pre-DC in skin -transport Ag to LN |
|
|
macrophages
|
-Ag-presenting cell
-found in: tissue, spleen, LN, other organs -initiate inflammatory and acute phase response -activated by IFN-gamma -antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor (TNF) activities -express MHC-II, allows presentation of Ag to CD4 T-helpers (initiates immune response) -secretes IL-1, -6, -12, TNF upon sensing bacteria: inflammation -activated by IFN-gamma (T cells) -involved in antigen presentation: co-stimulators, peptide holders, adhesion molecules -involved in cell activation: IFN-gamma receptor, TNF-alpha receptor, TLR -involved in bacterial adhesion: LPS receptor, mannose receptor, scavenger receptor, glycan receptor -involved in facilitated uptake |
|
|
B cells
|
-Ag-presenting cells
-activated by Ags -produce antibodies, T cell factors |
|
|
Antigen-Responsive Cells
|
T cells:
1.CD4 helpers 2. CD8 killers 3. CD8 suppressors |
|
|
CD4 T helpers cells
|
-antigen-responsive cells
- produce IL-2 and other cytokines -stimulate T and B cell growth via MHC-II Ag presentation -promote B-cell differentiation and Ab production -subtypes: TH1, TH2, TH17, Treg cells |
|
|
Helper T cell subtypes
|
-TH1 - promote initial local defenses and T killer cells
-TH2 - promote later humoral systemic responses -TH17 - stimulate inflammation (TGF-beta, transforming growth factor) -Treg cells - control T cell activation, immunotolerance |
|
|
alpha/beta TCR CD8 T killers
(TCR = T cell receptor) |
-Antigen-responsive cells
-Ag recognition via MHC-I -Kill viral, tumor, non-self (transplant) ells -secrete TH1 cytokines |
|
|
CD8 T suppressors
|
-Antigen-Responsive Cells
-Ag recognition via MHC-I -Suppress T and B cell response (Treg?) |
|
|
Antibody-Producing Cells
|
1. B cells
2. Plasma cells |
|
|
B cells
|
-Antibody-producing cells
-mature in Peyer patches -produce Ab -present Ag bone marrow |
|
|
Plasma cells
|
-antibody-producing cells
-terminally differentiated -Ab factories |
|
|
Innate (Acute phase responses)
|
-dendritic cells and macrophages:
-IL-1 -IL-6 -IL-12 -GM-CSF **TNF-alpha -TNF-beta -chemokines **IFNs alpha and beta |
|
|
Immune
|
-T cells (CD4 and CD8)
-TH1 cells: **IL-2**, IL-3, GM-CSF, **IFN-gamma**, TNF-alpha, beta -TH2 cells: **IL-4**, IL-5, IL-6, **IL-10**, IL-3, IL-9, IL-13, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha -TH17 cells: IL-17 -Treg cells: **TGF-beta** and IL-10 |
|
|
White Blood Cells
|
-surface markers: CD (cluster of differentiation) numbers
|
|
|
MHC I vs MHC II
|
-MHC I antigens expressed by all nucleated cells
-MHC II antigens expressed by Ag-presenting cells |
|
|
pluripotent stem cell
|
-common progenitor of blood cells
|
|
|
Terminal differentiation
|
T-helpers and macrophages release cytokines, inducing hematopoetic cell growth and terminal differentiation in response to infections/ativation
|
|
|
Primary lymphoid organs
|
-bone marrow
-thymus |
|
|
Secondary lymphoid organs
|
-LN
-spleen -MALT -GALT -BALT |
|
|
addressins
|
-cell surface adhesion molecules
-interact with cell adhesion molecules expressed on B and T cells |
|
|
Waldeyer Ring
|
LNs, tonsils, adenoids
|
|
|
spleen
|
-acts as LN
-filters Ags, batteria, and viruses -removed aged blood cells and platelets |
|
|
white pulp
|
-in spleen
-arterioles surrounded by lymphoid cells, T cells surround the central arteriole |
|
|
red pulp
|
-in spleen
-storage site for blood cells, site of turnover of aged platelets and erythrocytes |
|
|
Peyer's patches
|
-M cells in epithelium deliver antigens to the T and B lymphocytes contained in defined regions
|
|
|
neutrophils
|
50-70% of circulating WBCs
-primary phagocytic defense against bacterial infection -inflammatory -no mitochondria -granulated cytoplasm -stain with acidic and basic stains -band forms (precursor form) made during infection -segmented - terminally differentiated -expose bacteria to antibacteria substances/enzymes in primary and secondary granules for phagocytosis |
|
|
eosinophils
|
-granulocyte
-heavily granulated, phagocytic, motile, play a role in the defense against parasitic infections -basic proteins are toxic to many parasites |
|
|
basophils
|
-granulocyte
-not phagocytic |
|
|
myeloid cells
|
-DC
-monocytes -derived from monocytes (macrophages, alveolar macrophages) |
|
|
toll-like and other pattern-recognition receptors
|
-recogniez PAMPs and activate protective responses
|
|
|
plasmacytoid DC (pDC)
|
-in blood, produce large amounts of IFN-alpha/cytokines in response to viral and other infections
|
|
|
immature DCs
|
-capture/phagocytose Ag
-release cytokines to activate/steer immune response -mature into DC |
