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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is MATTER? (2)
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-anything that occupies space and has mass
-everything living is made up of this |
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What are the characteristics of PROTONS? (4)
(location, mass, charge, number) |
-located in the nucleus of an atom
-has a positive charge -Has mass of 1 (dalton) -# of protons = atomic number |
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What are the characteristics of NEUTRONS? (4)
(location, mass, charge, variability) |
-Located in the nucleus
-Has no charge -Mass of 1 -Vary in the element |
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What are the characteristics of electrons?
(location, charge, mass, energy, chemical properties x2) |
-Outside the nucleus
-negative charge -negligible mass -Contain energy *Determine chemical properties -involved in chemical reactions and -forming bonds |
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What's the atomic number?
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This is the number of protons.
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What is the atomic mass?
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The # of protons + # of neutrons equals this
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What is the electron arrangement according to energy levels of HYDROGEN?
(# of electrons, energy levels, valence electrons, possible covalent bonds) |
.1 electron
.1 energy level .1 valence electron .1 possible covalent bond |
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What is the electron arrangement according to energy levels of CARBON?
(# of electrons, energy levels, valence electrons, possible covalent bonds) |
.6 electrons
.2 energy levels .4 valence electrons .4 possible covalent bonds |
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What is the electron arrangement according to energy levels of OXYGEN?
(# of electrons, energy levels, valence electrons, possible covalent bonds) |
.8 electrons
.2 energy levels .6 valence electrons .2 possible covalent bonds |
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What is the electron arrangement according to energy levels of SODIUM?
(# of electrons, energy levels, valence electrons, bonding) |
.11 electrons
.3 energy levels .1 valence electron .likes ionic bond with Cl |
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What is the electron arrangement according to energy levels of CHLORINE?
(# of electrons, energy levels, valence electrons, bonding) |
.17 electrons
.3 energy levels .7 valence electrons .likes ionic bond with Na |
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What is the octet rule?
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Atoms tend to combine so they have 8 electrons in their valence shells.
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What is a covalent bond? (2)
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Atoms sharing electrons filling both their outer orbitals simultaneously.
Creates a very strong bond. |
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What is an ionic bond?
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Bond formed by the attraction of positively charged atoms or molecules to negatively charged ones.
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What is a hydrogen bond? (3)
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-weak attraction
-between H+ and (-) charged atom -due to polar covalent bonds |
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms that have unequal attraction for the electrons.
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What are the properties of water? (7)
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1. universal solvent
2. adhesion (sticks to other stuff) 3. cohesion (sticks to itself) 4. chemical reaction (breaks covalent bonds) 5. High specific heat (absorbs heat) 6. Frozen water less dense 7. High heat of vaporization (cools body) |
1. solvent
2 & 3. sticks to what 4. breaks stuff 5 & 7. heat 6. frozen |
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What is pH? (2)
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-the degree of acidity
-the concentration of H+ |
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What are buffers?
examples? (2) |
compounds that resist change in pH
ex. carbonic acid, sodium phosphate |
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What do bases release?
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they release OH-
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What do acids release?
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they release H+
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What is the importance of INORGANIC IONS? (3)
examples? (9) |
-needed in small amounts
-mostly req'd for enzyme reaction or buffers -called ELECTROLYTES ex. Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg, Mn2+, Ca 2+, Fe2+, PO4 3-, SO4 2- |
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What is Protein?
What's its monomer? |
polymer
amino acids |
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What are Carbohydrates?
What's its monomer? |
polymer
monosaccharides |
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What are Lipids?
What are its monomers? |
polymer
fatty acids, glycerol |
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What are nucleic acids?
What's its monomer |
polymer
nucleotides |
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What is dehydration synthesis? (5)
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-makes macromolecules
-removes H2O -creates covalent bond (condensation) -creates polymers (polymerization) -not spontaneous, needs enzymes |
-makes what molecules?
-What happens to H2O? -does what to what bond(called what?) -creates what? (called?) -how's it happen? |
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What is hydrolysis?
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-makes micromolecule
-add H2O -breaks a covalent bond -creates monomers from polymer -enzymes required |
-makes what molecules?
-What happens to H2O? -does what to what bond(called what?) -creates what from what? -what's it need to happen? |
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What is the structure of an amino acid? (5)
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1. central carbon
2. amino group NH2 3. Carboxil group COOH 4. Hydrogen 5. R Group (dif. in dif aminos) |
1. C
2. amino 3. -oxil 4. H 5. dif. |
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What is the structure of a peptide bond? (5)
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1. polar covalent bond
2. found between amino acids (no where else) 3. charges: O- , N+ 4. allows protein folding 5. dehydration synthesis makes 'em |
1. bond?
2. found where? 3. charges? 4. allows what? 5. what makes 'em? |
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What are the levels of protein structure?
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1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quarternary structure |
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Of the protein primary structure, what is the:
1. shape? 2. composition? 3. what determines it? |
1. linear
2. sequence of amino acids 3. predetermined by DNA |
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Of the protein secondary structure:
1. what is it? 2. what are its 2 main structures? 3. To what is it due? |
1. folding of primary structures.
2. alpha helix, beta sheet 3. mostly due to hydrogen bonds |
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With the protein tertiary structure:
1. what level is it? 2. what structure is it? 3. what are its 2 shapes? 4. what holds it? |
1. It's the FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
2. 3d, folded secondary structure 3. globular, fibrous 4. mostly weak bonds hold it |
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With the protein quarternary structure:
1. what does it involve? 2. name of them 3. example? |
1. involves more than 1 polypeptide
2. ea. polypep. called SUBUNIT 3. hemoglobin |
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What are the four functions of CARBOHYDRATES?
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1. Energy source
2. Components of other molecules 3. Structural components of cell 4. Storage of energy |
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What are two examples of carbohydrates functioning as components of other molecules?
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ex. DNA, RNA
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What is an example of carbs serving as a structural component? (what carb does it use?)
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ex. cellulose cell wall (made up of mostly glucose)
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What are two examples of carbs storing energy?
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Glycogen granules, starch granules
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What are three main types of carbs?
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1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides 3. polysaccharides |
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What is a monosaccharide? (3)
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-most common
-monomer -building block - C6 H12 O6 |
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What are the two types of monosaccharides?
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1. hexose (six C atoms)
2. pentose (five C atoms) |
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What are 3 examples of hexose molecules?
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ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
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What are 2 examples of pentose molecules?
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ex. ribose, deoxyribose
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What is are isomers?
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Same molecular formula, but different structural formula.
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What are disaccharides?
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1 disaccharide molecule = 2 monomers (after losing H2O)
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What are three examples of disaccharides?
what are they each made from? |
1. sucrose = fructose + glucose
2. maltose = 2 glucose 3. lactose = galactose + glucose |
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What are polysaccharides? (3)
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-3 or more monomers
-long chains of monomers (glucose largely) -can be branched |
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What are 4 examples of polysaccharides?
Where do they come from? |
ex. cellulose-plant
glycogen - animals dextran - microbial starch - plant |
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Nucleic acids contain what monomer?
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They contain nucleotides.
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Nucleotides are composed of what?
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1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose Sugar 3. Nitrogenous base |
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What are the two types of Nitrogenous bases?
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-Purines
-Pyrimidines |
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What are purines? (3)
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-larger nitrogenous bases
- 2-ring compound - 2 in DNA 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) |
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What are Pyrimidines?
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-smaller nitrogenous bases
- 1-ring compound - 2 in DNA 1. Cytosine (C) 2. Thymine (T) |
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What are the pairings for nitrogenous bases?
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A-T
G-C |
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How is RNA different from DNA?
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-single-stranded (not double)
-unstable -no base pairing -Uracil, no Thymine |
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What function does DNA carry out to RNA?
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transcription
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What function does RNA carry out to protein?
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translation
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What is the structure of fatty acids? (4)
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composed of:
1. long hydrocarbon chain (4-20 C long) 2. Methane group (-CH3) 3. Carboxyl group *there are two kinds |
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What are phospholipids composed of? (2+2)
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composed of:
1. phosphate 2. lipid 1 glycerol 2 fatty acids |
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What is the structure of a phospholipid? (2)
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1. Hydrophilic phosphate head
2. Hydrophobic fatty acid tails (hydrocarbon end) |
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What's a fat? (6 + 2 ex.)
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1. Unsaturated fatty acid
2. has at least one C=C double bond 3. can add more H 4. liquid at room temp 5. has less energy 6. less dense ex. oils (plants, fish) |
1. what is it?
2. C bonds 3. H 4. state 5. energy 6. density |
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What's an oil? (6 + 2 ex.)
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1. saturated fatty acid
2. no C=C double bonds 3. no more H allowed 4. Solid at room temp 5. has more energy 6. more dense ex. fats (animal products) |
1. what is it?
2. C bonds 3. H 4. state 5. energy 6. density |
