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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Family names end in |
-viridae |
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Genus names end in |
-virus |
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Viral species |
A group of viruses sharing the same geneticinformation and ecological niche (host) -Common names are used for species -Subspecies are designated by a number |
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Taxonomy of Viruses |
-Herpesviridae -Herpesvirus -Human herpesvirus HHV-1,HHV-2, HHV-3 -Retroviridae -Lentivirus -Human immunodeficiencyvirus HIV-1, HIV-2 |
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Virion Structure |
-Nucleic acid -Capsid (or protein coat) -Envelope -Spikes |
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Nucleic acid |
DNA or RNA |
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Capsid (or protein coat) |
-Makes up the bulk of the virus -Is made of individual protein Capsomeres |
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Envelope |
Is made of mostly phospholipids from the host |
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Spikes |
-For attachment -Is made of carbohydrates and protein -On the envelope (ONLY) |
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General Characteristics of Viruses |
-Some viruses are enclosed by an envelope taken from the hostcells. -Some viruses have spikes.§ Spikes allow for attachment -Most viruses infect only specific types of cellsin one host --Host specific --Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors |
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3viral morphological shapes |
-Polyhedral -Helical -Complex virus |
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Polyhedral |
-Many sided. -Examples: Rhabdovirus, AdenovirusH,erpes virus, and Ebola virus |
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Helical |
-Rod shaped -Examples:Influenza virus, and Poliovirus |
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Complex virus |
Example: Bacteriophage |
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Two methods for growing viruses |
For animal viruses, -In embryonic egg -living animal (i.e, mice or rabbits) -In cell culture For bacteriophage, grow on a lawn of bacteria |
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Growing Viruses |
Viruses must be grown in living cells -Bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria -Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonatedeggs or in cell cultures --Continuous cell lines |
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Cell cultures |
A growth medium for viruses Benefits: Virus growth detected as 1. plaques or 2. transformed cells -does not harm animals -used to study grow and study animal viruses (ex: HIV) -great for avoiding allergies to vaccines |
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Cancer |
-Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells. -Transformed cells have increased growth and loss of contactinhibition. -The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated intothe host cell’s DNA |
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Oncogenic DNA viruses |
-Adenoviridae (Adenovirus) -Herpesviridae (Herpesvirus) |
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Oncogenic RNA viruses |
Retroviridae (HIV) |
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Latent Viral Infections |
Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods -Cold sores, shingles (e.g., Herpes virus) |
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Persistent Viral Infections |
Disease process occurs over a long period; generally is fatal -Subacute encephalitis (e.g., Measles virus, HPV, Hepatitis virus,HIV, Rubella virus) |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses |
1. attachement 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. biosynthesis 5. maturation 6. release |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 1 |
attachment: viruses attach to cell membrane |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 2 |
penetration: by endocytosis or fusion |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 3 |
uncoating: by viral or host enzymes -enzymatic removal of capsomere |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 4 |
biosynthesis: production of nucleic acids and proteins -in nucleus for DNA virus and cytoplasm for RNA virus 1. "early genes" 2. "late genes" |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 5 |
maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble |
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Multiplication of Animal Viruses 6 |
release: by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture |
