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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial Diseases- Urinary System
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Proximity of anus to urinary opening
Intestinal bacteria predominate in urinary tract infections |
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Urinary Infections
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Urethritis- inflammation of urethra
Cystitis- inflammation of urinary bladder Ureteritis- inflammation of ureters |
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Cystitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Inflammation of Urinary Bladder
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: E. coli or Staphy. saprophyticus (coagulase-neg) ORGAN SYSTEM: Urinary Transmission: AFFECTS: Common urinary bladder infection in females SYMPTOMS: dysuria (difficult, urgent urination) and pyuria (leucocytes in the urine) TREATMENT: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolone antibiotics or ampicillin COMMENTS: |
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Pyelonephritis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Inflammation of the one or both kidneys
DISEASE: Bacterial Pathogen: E. coli (75%) ORGAN SYSTEM: Urinary TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: fever or flank "back" pain TREATMENT: intravenous, extended-term, broad-spectrum antibiotic- 2nd or 3rd-generation cephalosporin COMMENTS: Scar tissue can be formed, impairing kidney function *commonly a complication of infection elsewhere in body *in females, typically- urinary tract infection |
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Leptospirosis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Leptospira interrogans (spirochetes) ORGAN SYSTEM: Urinary TRANSMISSION: disease of domestic dogs and rats- urine; transmitted in urine-contaminated water or soil; pass through minor abrasions in mucous membrane or skin AFFECTS: localization in kidneys may cause jaundice and poss. kidney failure SYMPTOMS: fever, chills, headache, muscle aches TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: isolation in blood or CSF COMMENTS: can cause severe kidney or liver disease |
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Gonorrhea
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gram-neg diplococcus)- attaches to urethra wall, and mucsoal cells in oral-pharyngeal area, cervix, eyes and rectum ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: direct contact (hand, birth canal, sexual contact areas) AFFECTS: oral-pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, opening of cervix, external genitals or prepubertal females SYMPTOMS: Males- painful urination and discharge of pus from urethra; female- pain can happen, if infection spreads to uterus and uterine tubes; Males experience more symptoms, females can be unaware of infection TREATMENT: tetracyclines (due to common dual chlamydia infections) DIAGNOSIS: observation- Gram-neg cocci, serological diagnostic test COMMENTS: most common reportable STD in US- '95 *complications- joints (arthritis- gonococcus in fluids), heart (endocarditis), meninges (meningitis), eyes, pharynx (pharyngeal- resembles sore throat), anus (anal- painful w/pus), ophthalmia neonatorum- infection in eyes of infants |
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Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Inflammation of urethra, not caused by N. gonorrhoeae/nonspecific urethritis
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Chlamydias (obligate intracellular parasites), typically C. trachomatis; also maybe Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: urethra, in women, common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease SYMPTOMS: mild in males (inflammation of epididymis), asymptomatic in females (inflammation of uterine tubes may cause sterility) TREATMENT: Tetracyclines DIAGNOSIS: detect chlamydial DNA in urine specimens COMMENTS: very common STD (not reportable), complications can be serious |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: collective term- any extensive bacterial infection of female pelvic organs;
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: N. gonorrhoeae w/ co-infection of chlamydial bacteria ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: infection in uterine tubes (salpingitis)- serious PID, scarring can block ovum from uterus, causing sterility or ectopic (or tubal) pregnancy |
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Syphilis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: bacterial PATHOGEN: Treponema pallidum (Gram-neg spirochetes) ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: sexual contact, nonsexual transmission- kissing, dental work (secondary) AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: primary- chancre (sore), secondary- rashes TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: in primary stage- pos in serological tests, pos for secondary stage too STAGES: Primary- Chancre- sore at site of infection, fluid-filled (highly infectious), bacteria enters blood and lymph system; Secondary- weeks later, rash on skin and mucous membranes, lesions- very infectious Latent period- weeks later, most don' achieve this stage Tertiary- after about 10 years, gummas- lesions, extensive tissue damage COMMENTS: can be transmitted from mother to fetus years after (congenital syphilis) |
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Lymphogranuloma Venereum
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Chlamydia trachomatis ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: found in tropical world, in southeastern US SYMPTOMS: regional lymph nodes enlarge and become tender TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: scarring of lymph drainage ducts occasionally leads to massive enlargement of male genitalia and rectal narrowing in females |
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Chancroid
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: soft chancre
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Hemophilus ducreyi ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: tropical disease SYMPTOMS: painful ulcer on genitalia and spreads to lymph nodes TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: US cases common w/drug users |
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Gardnerella Vaginosis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Vaginitis (infection of the vagina)
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Candida albicans (fungus), Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa), Gardnerella vaginalis (bacteria) ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: Vagina SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: Metronidazole DIAGNOSIS: fishy odor, vaginal pH above, "clue" cells- sloughed off vaginal epithelial cells w/Gram-neg rods COMMENTS: C. albicans- opportunist, T. vaginalis and G. vaginalis- sexually transmitted; interacts w/ anaerobic vaginal bacteria |
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Genital Herpes
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: human herpesvirus 1 and 2
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: sexually transmitted AFFECTS: genitals SYMPTOMS: lesions- burning sensation and vesicles; infectious TREATMENT: acyclovir (oral and topical) DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: danger of neonatal transmission (neonatal herpes)- fatal and serious neurological damage poss.; may be latent in nerve cells for years and reappear in intervals (i.e. cold sores) |
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Genital Warts
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: papillomaviruses ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: sexual transmission AFFECTS: genitals SYMPTOMS: warts TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer |
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AIDS
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: Sexual transmission, and mother-fetus AFFECTS: immune system SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Candidiasis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Fungal PATHOGEN: Candida albicans (fungus- grows in mucous membranes) ORGAN SYSTEM: Reproductive TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: mucous membranes of vagina SYMPTOMS: irritation; sever itching; thick, yellow cheesy discharge, yeasty odor TREATMENT: clotrimazole and miconzaole (topical); immunosuppressive drugs or broad-spectrum DIAGNOSIS: microscopic identification of fungus COMMENTS: Infection of mucous membranes of vagina- vulvovaginal candidiasis |
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Trichomoniasis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: protozoan PATHOGEN: Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa) ORGAN SYSTEM: TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: males rarely have symptoms; females- bad odor, irritation and itching TREATMENT: Metronidazole DIAGNOSIS: microscopic examination of discharge COMMENTS: T. vaginalis- normal inhabitant of vagina and male urethra; happens when acidity of vagina is disrupted allowing outgrowth |
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Skin Lesions
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Vesicles- small, fluid-filled lesions
Bullae- skin vesicles larger than ~1cm in diameter Macules- flat, reddened lesions Papules- raised lesions Pustules- contain pus |
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections
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-Staphylococci-
spherical, Gram-pos, irregular grape-like clusters all pathogenic forms make coagulase- conagulates fibrin in blood -Staphy aureus- Most pathogenic Test- coagulase test Makes entertoxins (affects GI tract), leukocidins (destrooy phagocytic leukocytes) and exfoliative toxin (causes scalded skin syndrome- out layers of skin peel away due to staphy toxins) Found in nasal passages Common hospital problem- causes infections in surgical wounds and artificial breaches of skin barrier -Staphy epidermidis- predominant species of coagulase-neg staphylococci |
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Pimples
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Infections of hair follicles
Sty- eyelash follicle infection Furuncles (boils)- abscess arising from hair follicle infection Carbuncle- region of pus by inflamed tissue, more extensive invasion of tissue |
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Impetigo
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Impetigo
superficial skin infection, pustules- become crusted and rupture bacteria enters in minor lesions common in grade school age children Impetigo of newborn problem in nurseries prevention- hexachlorophene-containing skin lotion |
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Streptococcal Skin Infection
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Streptococci-
Gram-pos spherical bacteria, grow in chains Aerotolerant anaerobes (don't use oxygen) Catalase-neg Make toxins and enzymes (hemolysins) Makes erythrogenic toxin (scarlet fever rash), deoxyribonucleases (breakdown DNA), NADase (breakdown NAD), streptokinases (dissolves blood clots), hyaluronidase (dissolve hyaluronic acid- cementing substance of CT) and leukocidins (kill WBCs) Streptococcus pygenes- Group A Beta-hemolytic steptococci M protein on fibrils, adds to pathogenicity, aids in adherence Common cause of erysipelas- disease affecting the dermis skin erupts into reddish patches, after Strep infection elsewhere |
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Pseudomonads
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Pseudomonads-
Cause opportunistic skin infections Common in soil, water, and plants Resistance to antibiotics, causing problems in hospitals Causes: Otitis Externa Pseudomonas dermititis Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Makes exotoxins and endotoxins May cause resp. infections in compromised hosts, or in burn patients (causes blue-green pus from pyocyanin pigments) Treatment: Silver sulfadiazine |
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Otitis Externa
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Swimmer's ear
Pseudomonad infection of outer ear |
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Pseudomonas dermititis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Pseudomonads ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: warm, wet places AFFECTS: Skin SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: Gentamicin and Carbenicillin, combined DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: organism is resistant to chlorines |
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Acne
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: most common skin disease
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: staphylococci and Propionibacterium acne (diphtheroids) ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: Skin TREATMENT: Benzoyl peroxide, tetracyclines; Tretinoin (Retin-A) prevents acne lesions; isotretinoin inhibits sebum formation- treats cystic acne (may cause birth defects-teratogenic) DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: sebum accumulates, making whiteheads and blackheads; accumulation ruptures the hair-follicle; P. acne breaksdown sebum, causing inflammation and scarring |
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Warts
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: Papillomavirus ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: direct contact AFFECTS: Skin SYMPTOMS: uncontrolled nonmalignant growth of skin cells (warts) TREATMENT: burning them w/acids, liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy), electrodesiccation DIAGNOSIS: INCUBATION: several weeks COMMENTS: 50 types of papillomavirus; Genital warts- TREATMENT- injected interferon and lasers |
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Smallpox
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Variola
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: poxvirus; smallpox (variola) virus ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: respiratory route, move through bloodstream (viremia) to infect skin AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: vaccination eliminated smallpox DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Variola major- mortality rate- 20% or more; Variola minor- mortality rate- less than 1%; recovery from one give immunity to both |
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Chickenpox and Shingles
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Varicella and Herpes Zoster
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: herpesvirus varicella-zoster (human herpesvirus 3) ORGAN SYSTEM: TRANSMISSION: Varicella (Respiratory route) AFFECTS: causes chickenpox and may remain latent in nerve cells and later be reactivated to cause Shingles (herpes zoster) SYMPTOMS: pox, vesicles on waist, upper chest, and face, affecting nerve branches of cutaneous sensory nerves TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: INCUBATION: ~2 weeks (in school), vesicular in 3-4 days COMMENTS: Varicella (mild disease- 2nd most common reportable) |
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Reye's Syndrome
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: Human herpesvirus 3 ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: complication of other viral infections AFFECTS: Skin SYMPTOMS: brain damage or death, due to brain swelling, preventing blood circulation TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: occasional, severe complication of chickenpox, influenza, and other viral diseases; aspirin be increase chances of Reye's Syndrome |
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Herpes Simplex
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: PATHOGEN: herpes simplex type 1 virus and type 2 (human herpesvirus 1 & 2 ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: Skin contact AFFECTS: Skin, can be contracted in infancy and affects oral mucous membranes SYMPTOMS: forms cold cores or fever blisters (w/stress) TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Able to be latent for long periods, after initial infection; may cause herpes encephalitis |
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Measles
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Rubeola
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: measles virus ORGAN SYSTEM: TRANSMISSION: Respiratory route AFFECTS: brain, oral mucosa SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: MMR vaccine DIAGNOSIS: Koplik spots on oral mucosa COMMENTS: extremely dangerous; complication: encephalitis- poss causing brain damage |
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Rubella
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: German measles
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: virus ORGAN SYSTEM: Skin TRANSMISSION: respiratory route AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: light fever, macular rash or small red spots TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: hemagglutination inhibition or ELISA COMMENTS: milder than rubeola, infection is 3rd trimester can cause congenital rubella syndrome in infants- causing deafness, eye cataracts, hearing defects and mental retardation |
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Fifth Disease
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Erythema Infectiosum
DISEASE: Viral PATHOGEN: human parvovirus B19 ORGAN SYSTEM: TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: mild, influenza-like, causes something like "slapped-cheek" facial rash TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Cutaneous Mycoses
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Fungal PATHOGEN: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: direct contact, or contact w/ fomites, dog, and cats AFFECTS: hair, nails, and outer layers of epidermis (dermatophytes); affinity of keratin SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: Topical- miconazole clotrimazole; oral- griseofulvin DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: ringworm- tinea (dermatomycoses) Tinea capitis- ringworm of scalp Tinea cruris- ringworm of groin (jockitch) Tinea pedia- ringworm of feet (athlete's foot) |
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Mycosis
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Fungal infection of the body
Great ability to resist high osmotic pressure, and low moisture- skin susceptible |
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Subcutaneous Mycoses
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Fungal PATHOGEN: Sporothrix schenckii (fungi) ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: in wound AFFECTS: nodules formed by growing fungus, and spread along lymphatic vessels SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: most common- Sporotrichosis |
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Candidiasis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Fungal PATHOGEN: Candida albicans (yeast-like fungi) ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: outgrowth of fungus AFFECTS: infections in the mucous membranes of genitourinary tract (vaginitis) and oral mucosa (thrush) SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: clotrimazole or miconazole DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: appear when bacterial populations are suppressed by antibiotics that don't affect fungi |
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Scabies
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: tiny mite
DISEASE: Parasitic PATHOGEN: Sarcoptes scabiei ORGAN SYSTEM: Integumentary TRANSMISSION: burrows under the skin to lay eggs AFFECTS: Skin SYMPTOMS: inflammation, itches intensely TREATMENT: Topical- permethrin insecticide or gamma benzene hexachloride DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Conjunctivitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: inflammation of conjunctiva- mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers outer surface of the eyeball
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: ORGAN SYSTEM: Visual TRANSMISSION: contact during birth or unchlorinated water; AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: tetracycline (inclusion); 1% silver nitrate or antibiotics (neonatal DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia- dangerous eye inflammation transmitted to newborn during delivery Inclusion conjunctivitis- involves only conjunctiva |
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Trachoma
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Chlamydia trachomatis ORGAN SYSTEM: Visual TRANSMISSION: contact w/fomites AFFECTS: infection of the epithelial cell of the eye SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: tetracycline DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Single great cause of blindness, scar tissue forms on cornea |
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Herpetic Keratitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: similar to cold sores
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: herpes simplex type 1 virus ORGAN SYSTEM: Visual TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: corneal ulcers occur and may cause blindness TREATMENT: trifluridine DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Keratitis- caused by Acanthamoeba (amoeba)- in contact wearers; severe and may require corneal transplant |
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Tooth Decay
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Dental caries
DISEASE: bacterial PATHOGEN: Streptococcus mutans (bacterium) (cariogenic- caries causing) ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive- Upper (mouth) TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: converts sucrose into dextran, localizes bacteria forming holes in enamel SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: Prevention- lysozyme in saliva and crevicular fluid (tooth exudate) DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: hard surface of teeth gathers large amounts of microbes, causing plaque; old plaque deposits- tartar; once enamel penetrated, bacteria decays 'dentin' and 'pulp' |
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Peridontal Disease
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Tooth lose caused by receding of gum, exposing cementum
Includes gingivitis' |
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Gingivitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive- Upper (mouth) TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: bleeding gums while brushing teeth TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: Gingivitis- infection of the gingivae (gums), most common peridontal disease |
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Peridontitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Chronic form of gingivitis
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Porphytomonas species ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive- Upper (mouth) TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: teeth and gums SYMPTOMS: gums inflamed and bleed, pus surrounds, in pockets,the teeth, tooth loss after destruction of bone and tissue TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Vincent's disease or trench mouth
DISEASE: PATHOGEN: Prevotella intermedia ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive- Upper (mouth) TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: mouth SYMPTOMS: chewing pain, foul breath TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: serious mouth infection |
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Bacterial Diseases- Lower Digestive System
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Intoxication- disease resulting from the ingestion of toxins in food by microbial growth
Infection- a disease resulting from microbe growth in tissues |
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Dysentery-
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: ORGAN SYSTEM: Lower Digestive Sys TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: severe diarrhea w/ blood and mucus TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Gastroenteritis-
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: inflammation of stomach and intestinal mucosa
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: ORGAN SYSTEM: Lower Digestive Sys TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting TREATMENT: oral hydration therapy to replace fluids DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: |
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Staphylococcal Entertoxicosis
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Staphylococcus aureus ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System TRANSMISSION: in food, contamination on fingers or skin lesions AFFECTS: Lower Digestive Sys SYMPTOMS: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: phage typing of bacteria INCUBATION: 1-6 hrs after ingestion COMMENTS: Makes an enterotoxin (Serological type A)- heat-resistant, drying resistant, radiation, osmotic pressures; coagulase-pos staphy make coagulase- enzyme- coagulates blood plasma; High Incidence- custard, cream pies, and ham (due to sugar or curing agents), suppresses nonstaphylococcal competition Pathogenic staphy ferment mannitol, make hemolysis, coagulase-pos, no spoilage of foods |
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Shigellosis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Bacillary Desentery
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Shigella- S. sonnei (most common in US), S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii (shiga toxin) ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System- Lower TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: S. sonnei- mild disease, S. dysenteriae- more sever, not common in US |
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Salmonellosis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Salmonella Gasteroenteritis
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: numerous serovar of Salmonella ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive TRANSMISSION: ingestion of organism and growth of cell in intestinal tract AFFECTS: common inhabitant of Intestinal tract of animals, poultry and eggs- frequent sources SYMPTOMS: moderate fever, nausea, diarrhea, low mortality rate TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: Kauffmann-White serological scheme- identify serovars and assign numbers and letters to different antigens: O- somatic or body, Vi- capsular, H- flagellar INCUBATION: 12-36 hrs COMMENTS: all serovars are a little pathogenic |
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Typhoid Fever
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: very virulent serovar of salmonella
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Salmonella typhi ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System- Lower TRANSMISSION: Carriers transmit/spread disease in feces after recovery AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: fever, malaise; diarrhea in late stages (2nd or 3rd week), also poss. perforation of intestinal wall and dissemination (severe cases) TREATMENT: 3rd generation cephalosporins DIAGNOSIS: INCUBATION: ~2 weeks COMMENTS: |
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Cholera
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS:
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Vibrio cholerae; 2 types: group O:1 causes epidemic form of disease, non-O:1 group, similar but not epidemic form ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System- Lower TRANSMISSION: fecal-oral route AFFECTS: SYMPTOMS: rapids loss of bodily fluids and electrolytes, violent vomiting; bloody stools and fever TREATMENT: replacement of lost fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics not very effective; untreated-death rate as high as 50%, 1% when treated DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: makes enterotoxin in intestines; indigenous in Pacific and Gulf coastal waters (non O:1), more invasive, cause bloody stools and fever |
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Vibrio Gastroenteritis
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: gastroenteritis similar to cholera but milder
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificans ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System TRANSMISSION: V. vulnificans- ingested w/ raw oysters AFFECTS: GI system SYMPTOMS: TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: in coastal waters, outbreaks associated w/ seafood; most common gastroenteritis in Japan; requires sodium; very dangerous in immunocompromised or suffer from liver disease |
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Traveler's Diarrhea
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DESCRIPTION/ALIAS: Echerichia coli Gastroeneritis
DISEASE: Bacterial PATHOGEN: Echerichia coli, serovar O157:H7-best known ORGAN SYSTEM: Digestive System- Lower TRANSMISSION: AFFECTS: inhabitant of GI tract, typically harmless SYMPTOMS: causes traveler's diarrhea,cause outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea in nurseries TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS: COMMENTS: pathogenic strains have adhesins that help in attachment to intestinal mucosa; make enterotoxin (enterotoxigenic E. coli), invades lining of large intestine (enteroinvasive E. coli) or no well-understood mechanisms (enteropathogenic E. coli); makes a toxin- causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome |
