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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
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- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the one gram + spore forming bacteria that is aerobic/facultatively anaerobic?
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Bacillus anthracis
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How do plasmids relate to virulence of bacillus anthracis?
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Needs BOTH pXO1 and pXO2 for virulence.
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What is the mechanism of holotoxin activity?
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PA binds to host cell
Cleavage of PA by blood proteases PA forms heptamers PA on cell binds either EF or LF Endocytosis/pore formation EF or LF released into cell |
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What are the mechanisms of the toxin factors of anthrax?
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EF- increases cAMP --> edma
LF- increases IL-1 and TNFa--> fever, decreased CMI, cell death, hemorrhage |
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Wool sorter's disease
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Bacillus anthracis inhalation
severe edema hemorrhage from body orifices convulsions respiratory distress |
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Define eschar.
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A black painless nodule that forms on the skin following percutaneous infection of anthrax.
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True/False. The infective entity of B. anthracis is the capsule.
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False. The spore.
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Vaccines for anthrax contain which plasmid?
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pXO1- holotoxin
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Dead cow that is bloated, bleeding at body orifices, without signs of rigor mortis.
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Bacillus anthracis. Do not open the carcass.
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What are characteristics of anaerobic infection?
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Foul smelling and necrotic
Tissue crepitation Site of infection is closed |
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What enzymes do aerobic organisms have that anaerobes lack?
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Superoxide dismutase
Catalase Peroxidase |
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True/False. Clostridial infection is mediated solely by toxins.
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False. True only for non-invasive species such as botulinum and tetani.
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Agent of malignant edema.
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Clostridium septicum
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"Big Head" rams
"Black Disease" sheep and cattle |
Clostridium novyi
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"Red Water Disease" in cattle and sheep
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Clostridium haemolyticum
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Antibiotic-associated colitis in humans, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits and horses
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Clostridium difficile
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True/False In C. Botulinum ingestion, the spores germinate in the GI and vegetative bacilli produce toxin.
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True only in neonates. Typically botulism occurs following ingestion of pre-formed toxin. Vegetative bacilli cannot compete with normal flora in adults.
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True/False. To definitively diagnose botulism, the toxin must be isolated from the animal or the carcass.
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False. Toxin from the carcass would be meaningless, as most carry spores as part of flora which would germinate upon death.
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True/False. Sub-lethal exposure to toxin is sufficient to impart immunity for both C. botulinum and tetani.
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False. Toxoid.
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Clostridial species that causes "braxy" in sheep.
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C. septicum
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Routes of transmission of Clostridium chauvoi.
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Ingestion- "blackleg" in young cattle when peripheral ischemia occurs
Innoculation- "gas gangrene" |
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A distinguishing characteristic of Clostridium septicum-caused edema and "blackleg" caused by C. chauvoi?
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Little to no crepitation
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Clostridium novyi type A
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gas gangrene and "big head"
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Clostridium novyi type B
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necrotic hepatitis or "black disease" in sheep and cattle
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Describe gas gangrene.
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lesion is:
swollen gas-filled crepitating discolored necrotic foul-smelling |
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What are the fluke-associated anaerobic bacteria?
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Clostridium novyi type B.
Clostridium haemolyticum Spores germinate in GI Seed liver with spores fluke migration creates environment suitable to germination |
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"red water disease"
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Clostridium haemolyticum
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Anemia
Abdominal pain yellow or bloody feces port-wine colored urine |
Red Water Disease (C. haemolyticum)
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Major virulence factor of Clostridium haemolyticum?
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Lecithinase C
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The colitis resulting from Clostridium difficile is from what?
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Inflammatory reaction to toxins A and B
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Tyzzer's Disease
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Clostridium piliforme
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What is the only gram - anaerobic organism that produces spores and is an obligate intracellular organism?
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Clostridium piliforme
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Which Clostridial species can also be transmitted transplacentally?>
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C. piliforme
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What organisms are responsible for interdigital dermatitis of cattle, sheep and goats?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
(Aracnobacterium pyogenes) Prevotella melaninogenicus |
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What organisms are responsible for infectious interdigital dermatitius?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
(Arcanobacterium pyogenes) Dichelobacter nodosus |
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What conditions are caused/mediated by fusobacterium necrophorum?
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Rumenitis and liver abcessation
Hardward Disease Oral necrobacillosis Necrotic Rhinitis (bullnose) in swine Thrush in horses (Infectious) interdigital dermatitis |
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Gram negative
Dumbbell shaped rod Ovine Foot rot |
Dichelobacter nodosus
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True/False. The causative agent of ovine foot rot is found in the environment and is exacerbated by filthy conditions and a superficial wound.
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False. Dichelobacter is an obligate parasite and can only survive a short time in the soil.
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How are F. necrophorum and A. pyogenes and D. nodosus beneficial to each other?
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D. nodosus secretes a growth facot for F. necrophorum.
A. pyogenes reduces local oxygen tension |
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Hairy Heel Warts
Foot Warts Hairy Foot Warts Raspberry Heel Digital Dermatitus Digital papillomatosis |
Treponema brennaborense
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Genus of gram - spirochetes responsible for syphilis and yaws in humans.
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Treponema
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Causative agent of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep
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Treponema vincentii
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Causative agent of swine dysentery in grower and finisher pigs?
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
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What general types of disease do the enterobacteriaceae cause?
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Food animal- neonatal diarrhea and salmonellosis
Small animal- UTIs and abcesses |
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True/False. Most enteric bacteria are motile.
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True. Shigella are not.
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What antigens are used for serotyping of E.Coli strains?
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O- LPS
H- flagella K- capsullar |
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What are the classes of diarrhea-causing E.Coli?
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Enterotoxigenic- LT or ST
Enterohemorrhagic- Shiga toxin Enteropathogenic- attaching-effacing |
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Which class of E.Coli causes disease in neonatal piglets, calves, lambs and dogs?
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Enterotoxigenic
Due to presence of receptors on neonatal intestine |
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What are the two key virulence factors for enterotoxigenic E. Coli?
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fimbriae (adhesins?)
ST or LT |
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True/False. Both ST and LT work through the same mechanism and increase ion secretion to produce diarrhea.
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False. They both increase ion secretion, but LT is ADP ribosylating (of Gs protein increasing cAMP) while ST binds directly to guanylate cyclase
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Which class of E.Coli infection is responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hemorrhagic colitis and acute kidney failure?
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Enterohemorrhatic E.Coli
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What type of infection does Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli cause?
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Attaching-effacing
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Ataxia, edema of eyelids, diarrhea of weaned pigs.
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Edema disease, caused by Shiga-producing E.Coli
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What are the types of Salmonellosis found in poultry?
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Paratyphoid
Pullorum disease Fowl Tyhpoid |
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Which animals are more likely to suffer septicemic salmonellosis?
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neonatal foals
young pigs |
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What causes "bubo" in Y. pestis infection?
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Bacterial replication in lymph nodes
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How is pneumonic plague transmitted?
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Via sputum
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Are Yersinia organisms motile?
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All except Y. pestis
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Which Yersinia species causes gastroenteritis +/- mesenteric lymphadenitis
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Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis |
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Diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumonia
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Mastitis- cows
Endometritis- mares Pneumonia- calves and foals UTIs- dogs |
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Which organisms cause otitis externa in dogs and cats?
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Proteus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus felis Malassezia |
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Which organisms cause UTIs in dogs and cats?
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Proteus
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus felis (CATS) |
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"Red Leg"
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Aeromonas hydrophila
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Which organism is found in both salt and freshwater?
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Pleisiomonas shigelloides
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Which three enteric bacteria have close association to water?
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Aeromonas
Pleisiomonas Vibrio |
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Which organism is primarily found in saltwater?
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Vibrio
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Which Vibrio species cause cholera-like disease?
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V. metschnikovii
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Which Vibrio species cause hemorrhagic lesions and septicemia?
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V. ordali
V. salmonicida |
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Which water-associated enteric infects and causes cholera-like disease of poultry?
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V. metschnikovii
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What causes furuncolis in salmonids or goldfish?
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Aeromonas salmonicida
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Causes diarrhea in harbor seals.
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Pleisomonas shigellosis
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Gram negative gull-shaped rod
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Campylobacter spp.
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Which 2 Campylobacterial species are major cause of gastroenteritis in humans?
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C. jejuni
C. coli |
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What genus of organisms cause "vibriosis" of the reproductive tract?
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Campylobacter
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Which subspecies of Campylobacter fetus is found in preputial crypts of the bull?
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Veneralis
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Which bacterial agent of abortion in food animals may be isolated from lesions in the liver of the fetus?
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Campylobacter
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Virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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fimbrae
alginate/slime layer siderophores elastase alkaline protease hemoysins leukocidin Exotoxin A (ADP ribosylating) Exoenzyme S |
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What makes Pseudomonas an opportunistic infectious agent?
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Can only adhere to and colonize epithelium if the protective fibronectin barrier is disturbed. Can colonize deeper tissues as well.
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Causative agent of "green wool" in sheep
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Pseudomonas
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Which organisms thrive in hot tub environments?
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Pseudomonas
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Causative organism of glanders and farcy.
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Burkholderia mallei
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Define glanders
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lesions of nostrils, maxillary glands, lungs
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Define farcy.
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lesions on limbs or body
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Which organism(s) are known for an earthy odor?
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Burkholderia pseudomallei
Nocardia |
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Organism(s) found in heroin needles?
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Burkholderia pseudomallei
Bacillus anthracis |
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Which bacterial organisms can inhibit phagolysosomal fusion and replicate in phagosomes?
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Francisella tularensis
Histophilus spp. Chlamydia Nocardia asteroides Mycobacterium spp. Neorickettsia Rhodococcus equi ____________ |
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Outdoor cat with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, icterus and lingual/oral lesions.
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Tularemia (F. tularensis
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For the prevention of which disease should you cook your lagomorphs thoroughly?
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Tularemia
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Contagious equine metritis in mares
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Taylorella equigenitalis
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Rabbit Fever
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Francisella tularensis
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What is the treatment for contagious equine metritis?
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Resolves on its own, however antibiotics and removal of clitoral fossa may eliminate the carrier state.
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Is cleaning the environment necessary for preventing spread of Taylorella equigenitalis?
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Does not survive long in the environment, predominantly an STD.
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Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
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Histophilus somni
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Glasser's Disease
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Haemophilus parasuis
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A young pig with lethargy, abdominal pain, lameness, CNS signs is necropsied. There is deposition of fibrin on all serosal surfaces. Disease and causative agent?
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Glasser's Disease
Haemophilus parasuis |
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Infectious fowl coryza
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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True/False. Mortality is typically high for infectious fowl coryza.
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False, but morbidity is high.
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Is Haemophilus influenzae capulated or unencapsulated?
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Strains of both.
Capulated- systemic dz Uncapsulated- otitis media, pneumonia |
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Cause of chancroid (an STD) in humans?
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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Pink Eye
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Moraxella
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Which breed is mores susceptible to Moraxella bovis?
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Bos taurus
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True/False. The causative agent of pink eye is a commensal organism.
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True.
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Atrophic rhinitis
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
Pasteurella multocida |
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Snuffles
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Pasteurella multocida
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Fowl cholera.
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Pasteurella multocida
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Note: cholera-like disease of poultry can be caused by Vibrio metschnikovii.
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True/False. Pasteurella multocida, causative agent of fowl cholera, is an upper respiratory tract commensal.
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False. Commensal only of mammals.
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True/False. The ventral scroll of the ventral nasal turbinate is most affected by atrophic rhinitis.
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True.
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Name some virulence factors involved in atrophic rhinitis.
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fimbriae
pertactin filamentous hemagglutinin dermonecrotic toxin osteo toxin |
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True/False. Haemophilus paragallinarum causes discoloration of the comb and wattles.
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False. Causes swelling, while Pasteurella multocida causes discoloration.
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Shipping fever
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Mannheimia hemolytica
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Wooden tongue
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actinobacillus ligniersii
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Pigs with hemorrhagic froth at the mouth before sudden death.
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia- hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumona and fibrinous pleuritis
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Clinical signs of Actinobacillus equilii and species affected.
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A. equilii equilii- horses
A. eqilii hemolyticus- horses and pigs septicemia arthritis nephritis |
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Virulence factors of Bordetella.
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filamentous hemagglutinin
adenylate cyclase toxin tracheal cytotoxin dermonecrotic toxin |
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Organisms that use type III secretion mechanisms to infect cells.
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Bordetella
Yersinia E.Coli ______________ |
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Which virulence factor may be largely responsible for the lesions seen in atrophic rhinitis?
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dermonecrotic toxin inhibits phosphatase activity and reduce type I collagen formation.
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Lumpy jaw
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Actinomyces bovis
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Poll Evil/Fistulous withers
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Actinomyces bovis
(Brucella abortus) |
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Which filamentous bacterium is anaerobic?
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Actinomyces bovis
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Produces red "sulfur granules" in vivo that have characteristic club- like structures surrounding their perimeter.
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Actinomyces bovis.
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True/False. The pathogenesis of lumpy jaw is granulomatous inflammation.
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True- chronic osteomyelitis leading to tissue necrosis?
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How to distinguish lumpy jaw from wooden tongue?
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Little lymph node involvement in lumpy jaw.
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Why must one be very careful in handling horses with poll evil or fitulous withers?
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Possibility of Brucella abortus.
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Urine culture from sow with PU/PD, hematuria shows gram + rods with sulfure granules. Diagnosis?
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Actinobaculum suis
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What is a weakly acid fast bacterium that is found in the soil but may exist in sulfur-granule like clumps in exudate?
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Nocardia asteroides
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Causative agent of bovine farcy.
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Nocardia asteroides.
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A distemper- positive dog develops pneumonia with enlargement of the lymph nodes. Eventually pyothorax develops and the effusion looks like tomato soup. Diagnosis?
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Pulmonary nocardiosis.
Eventual dissemination to liver, kidneys, bones, CNS. Very fatal. |
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Rain scald or rain rot
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Dermatophilus congolensis
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Grease heel
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Dermatophilus congolensis
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Lumpy wool
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Dermatophilus congolensis
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Strawberry foot rot
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Dermatophilus congolensis
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Which filamentous bacterium's infective particle is a motile zoospore?
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Dermatophilus
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Gram +, railroad yard appearance, obligate parasite.
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Dermatophilus
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Virulence factors of dermatophilus.
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Proteases
Flagella Hemolysin |
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True/False. As an obligate parasite, zoospores of Dermatophilus cannot survive in the environment.
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False. They just can't replicate there.
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True/False. Strawberry foot rot consists of painful, itchy lesions on horse's feet that ascends the leg.
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False!
Painless non-pruritic Sheep feet Begins on legs and descends |
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True/False. Dermatophilus eradication requires intensive treatment.
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False. Mild cases are usually self limiting.
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Infective agent of chlamydia?
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Elementary body. Differentiates into reticulate body intracellularly.
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Which species can contract Pulmonary chlamydiosis
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cats
sheep goats cattle |
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Which species can contract chlamydial catarrhal conjunctivitis?
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koalas
cats lambs (cattle, dogs pigs, guinea pigs) |
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Psittacosis or parrot fever
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Chlamydiosis of birds
serositis of body cavities, air sacs and organ surfaces lung, liver, spleen congested |
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Bird with flu-like illness, greenish-yellow gelatinous droppings.
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Chlamydia psittaci
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Why might pregnant women need to take care working around sheep and goats?
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Chlamidial abortion
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What is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the developing world?
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Chlamydial eye infection
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What special culture requirements for chlamydia?
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Do not grow in free cell media- culture in chicken eggs.
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Porcine proliferative enteropathy
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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Chlamydiophila felis
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Conjunctivitis in cats
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Chlyamydiophila pecorum
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Bovine encephalomyelitis
polyarthritis polyserositis |
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True/False. Transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii requires 36-48 hours of feeding.
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False. 6-20 hours
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Q Fever
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Coxiella burnetii
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Organisms that can survive in phagolysosomes and their acid hydrolases.
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Coxiella burnetii
Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus) |
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Anaplasma species that infects cattle and other ruminants
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A. marginale
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Anaplasma species that infects horses, ruminants and dogs
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A. phagocytophilum
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Cause of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum
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Infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia
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Anaplasma platys
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Dog with cyclic thrombocytopenia, is febrile, anorexic and depressed.
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Anaplasma platys
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Salmon poisoning
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Neorickettsia helminthoeca
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What platyhelminth is associated with neorickettsia helminthoeca?
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Nanophyetus salmincola
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Potomac Horse Fever
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Neorickettsia risticii
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Dog recently ate fish, develops high fever, anorexia, depression, eventual hemorrhagic diarrhea.
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Neorickettsia helminthoeca
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Dog with anemia, leukopenia, enlargement of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, epistaxis.
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Ehrlichia canis
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Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis
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Ehrlichiosis canis
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Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
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Ehrlichiosis chaffeensis
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Heartwater disease
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Ehrlichia ruminantium
Sub-Saharan Africa Fever Listlessness Stiff gait Convulsions |
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The smallest free living prokaryotes.
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Mycoplasma
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True/False. Many mycoplasmas occur as commensals in the upper digestive, respiratory and genital tracts
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True.
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Which mycoplasmal species cause bovine mastitis?
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M. bovis
M. californicum M. canadense |
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
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Mycoplasma mycoides sub. mycoides small colony
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Swine enzootic pneumonia
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M. hypopneumoniae
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Bacterial infections that cause joint problems in swine
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Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae Haemophilus parasuis Actinobacillus equilii sub hemolyticus Erysipelothrix Staphylococcus hyicus Streptococcus suis |
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Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
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Mycoplasma capricolum
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True/False. Mycoplasma mycoides sub mycoides (large colony) manifests as contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.
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False.
mastitis pneumonia arthritis septicemia |
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Which mycoplasmal organisms cause both arthritis and mastitis in goats?
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M. mycoides sub mycoides
M. agalactiae M. putrefaciens |
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True/False. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is generally as devastating in sheep as in goats.
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False. less so.
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Cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry, finches
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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Bacterial agent(s) of air sacculitis in birds
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Mycoplasma melagridis
Mycoplasma iowae (Haemophilus paragallinarum may progress to) |
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Young adult male cat presents with fever, anorexia, anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly. Concurrent infection with FIV.
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Mycoplasma haemofelis
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Erythma migrans
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Skin rash associated with Lyme disease
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Leptospira species that infect dogs.
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ictohemorrhagiae
canicola grippotyphosa pomona bratislava |
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Leptospira species that infect cattle
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pomona
harjo |
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Leptospira infection of sea lions?
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L. pomona
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Leptospira infection of the horse?
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ictohemorrhagiae
grippotyphosa pomona |
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Leptospira species that infect swine?
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All but:
grippotyphosa harjo |
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True/False. Leptospirosis can infect humans.
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True- all serovars.
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True/False. Leptospirosis in dogs may lead to renal failure.
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True
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Ringworm
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Dermatophyte
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Which Sabouraud's agar additive is useful for culturing Dermatophytes?
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Cycloheximide
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True/False. Dermatophytes have specific host-ranges.
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True.
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Which species is responsible for the majority of human ringworm?
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Microsporum audouni
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Are dermatophytes considered primary or secondary fungal pathogens?
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Primary, though they may also be considered opportunists.
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Veterinary dermatophytes grow by what type of process?
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Ectothrix: hyphae grow into hair follicle, emerge into follicular canal and grow down between the cuticle and wall of follicle. Conidia accumulate on the hair surface.
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Human dermatophytes grow by what type of process?
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Endothrix- hyphae and conidia inside of hair. Cuticle and hair remain intact.
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True/False. Ringworm is usually self-limiting.
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True though it takes months.
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Role of gliotoxin.
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Inhibits ciliary activity and macrophage phagocytosis. Leads to pneumonia in aspergillosis
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Flock of chickens with dyspnea, drooping wings, anorexia. Eggs appear green when candled.
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Aspergillosis.
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Most common causes of mycotic osteomyelitis.
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Coccidiodes immitis
Blastomyces dermatitidis (Aspergillus) |
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Abortion storms.
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Campylobacter fetus
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Treatment of which fungal pathogen may include cutting of blood supply to the fungal plaque?
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Aspergillus in gutteral pouch mycosis.
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Culture of which fungal pathogen should be supplemented by oil or fat?
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Malassezia
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Thrush
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Fusobacterium necrophorum (horses)
Candida albicans (calves, birds, piglets) |
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Which fungus is the only yeast that forms germ tubes in host tissue.
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Candida albicans
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Calves with whitish coating of upper GI tract.
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"Thrush"
Candida albicans |
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Fungal agent associated with bird droppings and eucalyptus trees.
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Both cryptococcus and histoplasma exhibit narrow base budding. How to differentiate?
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Histoplasma is found in large clusters within macrophages.
Cryptococcus has a capsule. |
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Which is the only fungal agent to form a polysaccharide capsule?
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Cryptococcus neoformans.
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Fungi with melanin as virulence factor.
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Cryptococcus
Aspergillus ______ |
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Fungus with basidiospore as infective agent.
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Cryptococcus
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This yeast exhibits broad base budding and may look like Mickey Mouse.
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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True/False. Cryptococcus is a primary fungal pathogen.
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False. Opportunisitic
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This fungal pathogen would be diagnosed from the sputum.
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Blastomyces
Coccidioides Histoplasma |
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This fungal pathogen is found in clusters in macrophages and can survive and replicate in phagolysosomes.
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Histoplasma capsulatum.
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Hunting breed dog of Ohio-Mississippi River Valley presents with coughing, enlarged lymph nodes, and fever with a bit of diarrhea. Culture of lung aspirate shows clusters of organisms within macrophages.
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Histoplasma capsulatum.
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Primary fungal pathogen responsible for farcy in horses, donkeys and mules.
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Histoplasma farciminosum.
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How is mycotic "farcy" spread?
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Either insect bites or fomite transmission by insects into subcutaneous wounds.
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Farcy
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Burkholderia mallei
Histoplasma farciminosum Nocardia (bovine) |
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San Joaquin Fever
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Coccidioides immitis
Coccidioides posadasii |
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True/False. Most cases of coccidioides immitis resolves spontaneously.
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True.
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Radiographs of dog from Arizona show lungs with multifocal interstitial pattern and sunbursts at the joints.
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Coccidioides immitis.
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Inoculation by rosebush thorn
Rosette-like conidia around central stalk Cigar shaped yeast Dissemination into eyes, brain, bone |
Spirothrix Schenkii
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White Nose Syndrome
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Geomyces destructans
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Horses with coughing and dyspnea has BAL showing cyst-like structures that appear as commas or parentheses.
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Pneumocystis carinii
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Swamp cancer
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pythium insidiosum
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