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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the diphtheria toxin do to the damage the host?
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- Kills local tissue in throat or skin
- Cause inflammation - Blood plasma leaks in and a fibrin clot form |
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What is Psudomembrane?
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Fibrin network that contains dead epithelial cells, leukocytes, and rapidly dividing bacteria.
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What are two major factors that control the production of diphtheria toxin?
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1. Lysogenic Beta phage
2. Absence of iron |
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What is the structure of diphtheria toxin?
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Single polypeptide - domains A,B, and T
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Explain how the diphtheria toxin enter and act in the cell.
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Essay Question!
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Why is diphtheria toxin so potent? (Hint: which part of the domain makes it potent and why?)
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Domain A - enzyme
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What are possible prevention and treatments for diphtheria?
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Prevention: Toxoid
Treatment: Anti-toxin and antibiotics |
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What's the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?
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Small, motile, non-spore forming Gram + rods, facultative anaerobes (4 celcius)
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Where is Listeria normally found?
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Largely a food-borne illness.
- Soft cheeses, hot dogs, coleslaw, non-pasteurized milk. |
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What's the diagnosis for Listeria?
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Blood monocytosis
CSF pleocytosis |
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Essay Question #2: Explain the steps of 1) attachement, 2) invasion, 3) escape, 4) multiplication and spread of Listeria.
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LAP, InlA, InlB, ActA, E-caderin, M cells, LLO, PLC, Arp2/3, dendritic cells...
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Where is the primary site of Listeria?
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Liver (hepatocytes, kupffer cells)
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How do Listeria acquire nutrients to survive?
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Iron, glucose (hpt binds to glucose-6-phosphate)
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What are some survival mechanisms against host defenses? (Immune evasion)
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1. Intracellular growth/spread
2. SRP 3. Production of catalase and SOD |
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How does Listeria cause inflammation?
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Granuloma formation
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What are some possible ways to prevent Listeria?
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No vaccine availble
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What are some possible treatments for Listeria?
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Ampicillin
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What are some possible ways of attachment to the host cell for S. pneumoniae?
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1. CbpA
2. RgrA, PavA 3. PsaA 4. PspA |
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What is a non-protein compound that involve in attachment?
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Phosphorylcholine
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What are some possible virulence factors that aid in spread of S. pneumoniae?
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Hyaluronidase
Neuraminidase |
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What are some damages caused by other virulence factors in S. pneumoniae?
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H2O2
Autolysin Pneumolysin |
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What are some possible ways of attachment to the host cell for S. pneumoniae?
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1. CbpA
2. RgrA, PavA 3. PsaA 4. PspA |
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What is a non-protein compound that involve in attachment?
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Phosphorylcholine
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What are some possible virulence factors that aid in spread of S. pneumoniae?
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Hyaluronidase
Neuraminidase |
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What are some damages caused by other virulence factors in S. pneumoniae?
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H2O2
Autolysin Pneumolysin |
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What is attachment threshold?
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.
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What is the function of self-made capsule in S. Pneumoniae for immune evasion?
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C3b
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What kinds of mechanisms do S. penumoniae have for immune evasion?
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PspA
IgA protease |
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What are some possible prevention for S. penumoniae?
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Bystander effect
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What are some possible treatments for S. Penumoniae?
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Penicillin
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What are endospores?
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.
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What are the diseases that endospores are responsible for?
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Diphtheria, anthrax, botulism, gas gangrened, food poisoning, colitis, tetanus
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Endospores are known not to be invasive. Why?
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Diseases are usually caused by secreted toxin.
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Describe morphology of C. diphtheira.
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non-motile
non-spore forming clubbed end |
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What are the 2 major types of diphtheria?
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Nasopharyngeal
Cutaneous |
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Why is diphtheria described as fastidious?
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Strict requirements for growth
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What are some techniques to test diphtheria?
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Cystine-tellurite blood agar
Strain Elek Immunodiffusion test (toxigenicity) |
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What specie is the only victim of diphtheria?
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Humans
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How can diphtheria be caused?
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Thru air/ inhalation
nasopharynx or skin Contamination |
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What's the function of pili in diphtheria?
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Aid in initial attachment
but still poorly understood |
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What aid colonization of diphtheria?
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pili
toxic production |
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When are bacteria happy? :)
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when they colonize
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Describe the procedure of elek immunodiffusion test.
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.
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