Microbial Metabolism, Growth & Control Of Microbial Growth

Front 1

Catabolism

Back 1

*Breaks down more complex organic compounds into simpler substances
(proteins-->amino acids)
*RELEASES ATP

Front 2

Anabolism

Back 2

*Simple substances to more complex
(Amino acids--> proteins)
*REQUIRES ATP

Front 3

Metabolism

Back 3

Breaking down & building up
(catabolism & anabolism)

Front 4

Enzymes

Back 4

*Protiens that catalyze
chemical reactions
*end in "-ase"
-3 Dimensional

Front 5

Factors that can Influence enzymatic activity

Back 5

*Higher the temp the higher the rate of chemical reaction.
*if temp too high proteins are denatured and reaction rate decreases
*requires an optimal pH

Front 6

Feedback Inhibition

Back 6

*The end product of a metabolic pathyway inhibits an enzymes acitvity early in the pathway.

Front 7

Metabolic Pathway

Back 7

A series of chemical reactions which store energy in and release energy

Front 8

Organic Molecules

Back 8

Contain Carbon

Front 9

Glycolysis

Back 9

*Splits 6 carbon glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Front 10

Respiration

Back 10

*Series of chemical reactions that results in an inorganic molecule acting as the final electron acceptor

Front 11

Aerobic Respiration

Back 11

*Final acceptor is oxygen

Front 12

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 12

*Final acceptor is inorganic other than oxygen (NH3)

Front 13

Fermentation

Back 13

*Final acceptor is organic
*doesn't require oxgyen
*Releases energy from sugars & amino acids

Front 14

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 14

end products: wine, beer, whiskey, bread rising

Front 15

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 15

End Products:
Cucumbers-->Pickles
Cabbage-->Sourkraut
Milk-->Cheese

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Binary Fission

Back 16

Can take 1/2 hour
*1 parent cell--> nucleus divides-->cell divides--> two daughter cells

Front 17

Generation Time

Back 17

The time required for a population to double

Front 18

LAG Phase

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No increase in # of bacteria

Front 19

LOG Phase

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Exponential increase

Front 20

Stationary Phase

Back 20

Total # remains constant

Front 21

Death Phase

Back 21

Exponential Decrease

Front 22

Physical Requirements for Cell Growth

Back 22

Temp
pH
Osmotic Pressure

Front 23

Chemical Requirements for Cell Growth

Back 23

*Water
*Sources of Carbon and Nitrogen
*Organic Growth Factors
*Oxygen

Front 24

Psycrophiles

Back 24

Found in the cold but NOT extreme cold
(ocean and artic)

Front 25

Mesophiles

Back 25

Moderate temp loving (37 degrees C)

Front 26

Thermophile

Back 26

Optimal b/t 50-55 degrees C

Front 27

Obligate Aerobes

Back 27

*REQUIRE oxygen
(on top)

Front 28

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 28

*only grows on bottom of test tube
*will grow deep inside body
*harmed by oxygen

Front 29

facultative anaerboes

Back 29

*uses oxygen when present but are able to grow by fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

Front 30

Microaerophilic

Back 30

grown just below the surface

Front 31

Culture Media Requirements

Back 31

*correct nutrients
*Sufficient moisture, oxygen, properly adjusted pH
*Sterile
*incubation @ correct temp

Front 32

Chemically defined medium

Back 32

Exact chemical composition is known

Front 33

Complex Media

Back 33

*Composition varies from batch to batch
*made of nutrients such as yeasts, beef or plant materials

Front 34

Selective Media

Back 34

Supresses the growth of unwanted bacteria encourages growth of desired bacteria

Front 35

Differential Media

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*Designed to seperate organisms based on type of organisms, type of growth type of end product of metabolic pathway

Front 36

Hemolytic Patterns

Beta Hemolysis

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Complete dectruction
*Clear Zone

Front 37

Hemolytic Patterns

Alpha Hemolysis

Back 37

Incomplete desctruction
*green zone

Front 38

Hemolytic Patterns

Gamma Hemolysis

Back 38

No destruction

Front 39

Sanitization

Back 39

*Reduction of microbial population on INANIMATE OBJECTS
*NOT USED in HEALTHCARE SETTING

Front 40

Disinfection

Back 40

*Kills or destroys most disease producing microbes
*Inanimate surfaces
*Regulated by the EPA

Front 41

High Level Disinfection

Back 41

*Kills all but spores
*Used on medical devices that touches mucous membranes or broken skin
*exposure time > or = 20 mins.

Front 42

Low Level Disinfection

Back 42

*Kills most bacteria, some viruses & some fungi.
*Devices that touch intact skin
*exposure time < 10 min

Front 43

Sterilization

Back 43

All forms of microbial life are destroyed including spores
*Regulated by the FDA

Front 44

Antiseptic

Back 44

*Inhibits growth of microbes or destroys them on living tissue
*regulated by FDA

Front 45

Involved in Cleaning Action

Back 45

Chemical energy (detergent)

Thermal Energy (hot water)

Mechanical Energy (fricition)

Front 46

Disinfection

Back 46

TAKES TIME

Clean BEFORE you disinfect

DOESN'T KILL SPORES

Front 47

Methods of Disinfection

Pasteurization

Back 47

*Used in Respiratory Therapy

non toxic, no chemical residue, not sporicidal

Front 48

Methods of Disinfection

UV Radiation

Back 48

Viruses &; bactera very succeptible

-Poor penetration through dust & such

-Requires frequent cleaning

-diminishes in potency

-can cause burns

Front 49

Methods of Disinfection

Liquids

Back 49

-Alcohol (ethyl or isopropyl)
-Halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine)
-Phenolics
-Quats
-Gluteraldehydes

Front 50

Sterilization

Back 50

Kills EVERYTHING including spores

Front 51

Methods of Sterilization


Thermal

Back 51

-Moist Heat (autoclave)

-Dry heat (hot air oven)

Front 52

Methods of Sterilization

Chemicals

Back 52

Ehtylene oxide

Gluteraldehyde

Hydrogen Peroxide

Paracetic Acid

Front 53

Chemotheraphy

Back 53

Treatment of a disease w/ drugs

Front 54

Antimicrobial

Back 54

Inhibits or kills microbes

DOESN'T have to be made from another living organism

Front 55

Antibiotic

Back 55

An antimicrobial, full or or partially synthesized by a microorganism

MUST come from another living organism

Front 56

Selective Toxicity

Back 56

inhibit or destroy the pathogen w/o injury to the host

*disinfectants have none

Front 57

Susceptible/Sensitive

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Microorganism is killed by the antimicrobial agent

Front 58

Resistant

Back 58

Microbe is NOT destroyed

Front 59

Broad Spectrum

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Targets both Gram positive & Gram Negative

Front 60

Narrow Spectrum

Back 60

Targets either Gram Negative or Gram positive

Front 61

Bacteriostatic

Back 61

*Prevents the growth of
bacteria
*Doesn't completely erradicate the population

Front 62

Bacteriocidal

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Kill bacteria

Front 63

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Specific Therapy

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*Infecting agent is known

*Susceptibility testing performed

*Most specific therapy & least toxic possible

Front 64

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Empiric Therapy

Back 64

*No info about infecting pathogen

*Pt is sufficiently ill

*Usually broad spectrum antibiotics

Front 65

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Prophylaxis

Back 65

Used to prevent against possible infections

Front 66

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Erradication of a carrier state

Back 66

To get rid of a carrier state for a certain period of time

Front 67

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Routes of Administration

Back 67

IV (intravenous)
IM (intramuscular)
PO (by mouth)
Topically
Gancyclovir Implant
Intrathecal
Intra-Vitreal Inj
Aerosolized
Enema

Front 68

Mechanism of Action

Back 68

*Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
*Alteration of membrane permeability
*interfere w/ protein Synthesis
*interfere w/ DNA function
*inhibtion of essential metabolites

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics do 1 of these

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics do more than 1

Front 69

Susceptability Testing

Back 69

Agar Disk Diffusion

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

Front 70

Antibiotic Resistance

Inherent Resistance

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The antibiotic has never worked against that certain microorganism

Front 71

Antibiotic Resistance

Intrinsic Resistance

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Genetic mutation through transfer of genetic material has caused the microorganism to be resistant

Front 72

VRE

Back 72

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

Rarely causes disease

Front 73

MRSA

Back 73

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Front 74

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Erradication of a carrier state

Back 74

To get rid of a carrier state for a certain period of time

Front 75

Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Routes of Administration

Back 75

IV (intravenous)
IM (intramuscular)
PO (by mouth)
Topically
Gancyclovir Implant
Intrathecal
Intra-Vitreal Inj
Aerosolized
Enema

Front 76

Mechanism of Action

Back 76

*Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
*Alteration of membrane permeability
*interfere w/ protein Synthesis
*interfere w/ DNA function
*inhibtion of essential metabolites

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics do 1 of these

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics do more than 1

Front 77

Susceptability Testing

Back 77

Agar Disk Diffusion

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

Front 78

Antibiotic Resistance

Inherent Resistance

Back 78

The antibiotic has never worked against that certain microorganism

Front 79

Antibiotic Resistance

Intrinsic Resistance

Back 79

Genetic mutation through transfer of genetic material has caused the microorganism to be resistant

Front 80

VRE

Back 80

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

Rarely causes disease

Front 81

MRSA

Back 81

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus