Microbial Metabolism

Front 1

the sum of all chemica reactions in an organism

Back 1

metabolism

Front 2

the breakdownof complex organic compounds into simpilar ones releases energy

Back 2

catabolic

Front 3

the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. consume engery

Back 3

anabolic

Front 4

energy source that is ava. to use for work, stores energy dervived from catabolic reactions and release it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other celluar work

Back 4

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 5

Proteins
are bilolgical catalysts

Back 5

enzymes

Front 6

2 things must have for a reaction to occur

Back 6

contact and velocity

Front 7

what is haloenzyme made of?

Back 7

apoenzyme (protein) and cofactor (nonprotein)

Front 8

What are factors that effect enzymatic activity?

Back 8

temp
PH
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

Front 9

Always paired
removal of electrons from a molecule (often produce energy)

Back 9

oxidation reduction reactions

Front 10

Remember biological oxidation reduction reactions: cells use them in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules.

Back 10

just remember this

Front 11

The "high" energy bond of ATP is__________

Back 11

the attachment of the third phosphate

Front 12

T or F
Anabolic reactions release energy

Back 12

FALSE

Front 13

t/f
Coenzymes have enzymatic activity

Back 13

FALSE

Front 14

Oxidation is the______

Back 14

removal of electrons

Front 15

When substrate concentration is maximum the enzyme is said to be_________

Back 15

saturated

Front 16

How many net ATP are gained from glycolysis?

Back 16

TWO

Front 17

Where are most ATP produced?

Back 17

Electron transport chain

Front 18

All of the following have enzymatic activity except
a. haloenzyme
b. functional enzyme
c. ribozyme
d. apoenzyme

Back 18

apoenzyme

Front 19

What are the 3 classes of the elctron carriers in the electron transport chain?

Back 19

Flavoproteins
cytochromes
ubiquinones/conenzyme Q

Front 20

t/f
FADH2 has more energy than NADH

Back 20

False

Front 21

What is a phosphorylation reaction?

Back 21

Adding a phosphate group to a chemical reaction?

Front 22

t/f
Energy in molecules is in the protons involved in bonding?

Back 22

FALSE

Front 23

Name the 3 mechanisms of phosphorlation

Back 23

Substrate level ppl
oxidative ppl
photophosphorylation

Front 24

ATP is usually generated when a high energy phos. group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) to ADP

Back 24

substrate level ppl

Front 25

the synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport

Back 25

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 26

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in prokaryotes?

Back 26

plasma membrane

Front 27

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occure in eukaroytes?

Back 27

inner membrane of mitochondial

Front 28

The sequence of electron carriers used in oxidative phosphorylation

Back 28

electron transport chain

Front 29

occurs only in photosyntheic cells which contain light trapping pigemnets such as chlorophylls

Back 29

photophorylation

Front 30

Most common carb used for energy sourse

Back 30

glucose

Front 31

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the productionofsome ATP and energy containing NADH

Back 31

Gycolysis

Front 32

The oxidation of acetyl CoA (a derivative of pyruvic acid) to CO2, with the production of some ATP, energy containing NADH, and another reduced electron carrier, FADH2.

Back 32

Krebs cycle

Front 33

NADH and FADH2 are oxdized, contributing the electrons they have carried from the substrates to a "cascade" of oxidation reduction reactions involving a series of additional electron carriers. Energy from these reactoins is used to generate a considerable amount of ATP. Most ATP is generated here.

Back 33

Electron transport chain

Front 34

What is formed when the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP? What type of reactions does this drive?

Back 34

ADP
Anabolic

Front 35

Anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP ________

Back 35

Breakdown

Front 36

ATP synthesis is coupled to _________

Back 36

Catabolic reactions

Front 37

Amount of engery needed to disrupt the stable electroic configuration of any specific molecules so that electrons can be rearranged

Back 37

Activation energy

Front 38

the frequencyof collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction

Back 38

reaction rate

Front 39

To speed up biochemical reactions at a temperature that is compatible witht he normal functioning of the cell.

Back 39

Crucial function of enzymes

Front 40

competes with substrate for active site of enzyme-no reaction occurs-space filler

Back 40

competitive inhibitors

Front 41

do not compete with substrate for active site-binds to allosteric site and causes the active site to change shape therefore reaction cannot be catalyed

Back 41

alleosteric/noncompetitive inhibitors

Front 42

What reaction is used to extract enegry from nutrient molecules?

Back 42

Oxidation reactions

Front 43

Small series of catabolic reactions

Back 43

Chain

Front 44

Breakdown of gluecose to yield ATP is used by
____________
____________

Back 44

cellular resperation
fermentation

Front 45

How many G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) are yieled for the prep stage of glycolysis?

Back 45

TWO

Front 46

In cellular respiration what in the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Back 46

O2

Front 47

In cellular respiration what is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? Net 25-30 ATP

Back 47

An inorganic molecule other than O2, or rarely an organic molecule.

Front 48

Does cellular resp. employ the electron transport chain?

Back 48

Yes

Front 49

The ETC regenerates NAD & FAD which can be used again in glycolysis and Krebs cycle. The various electron transfers in th ETC generate about 34 molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose oxidized.

Back 49

aerobic resperation

Front 50

Because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under _________ conditions and since not all the carriers in the ETC participate in __________ resp. the ATP yield is never as high.

Back 50

anaerobic resp

Front 51

releases enery fro sugars or other organic molecules, such as amino acids, organic acids, purines, and pyrimidines
2) doe not require oxygen
3) does not require the use of the Krebs cycle or and ETC
4) use an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
5) produces only small amounts of ATP because much of the orginal energy in glucose remains in the chemical bonds of the organic end products, such as lactic acid or ethanol.

Back 51

Fermentation

Front 52

What uses an organic molecule as the final elector acceptor and does not require oxygen

Back 52

fermentation

Front 53

What are the products of fermentation?

Back 53

lactic acid or ethanol.

Front 54

How many pyuvatic acid molecules are produced by every glucose molecule in aerobic resperation?

Back 54

TWO

Front 55

Total output
2 molecules of CO2 released
2 molecules of NADH produced
2 molecules of acetyl CoA formed

Back 55

aerobic resperation
of cellular resp.

Front 56

Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation produces the most ATP?

Back 56

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 57

Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation requires molecular oxygen?

Back 57

Krebs cycle

Front 58

Which of the following mechanisms does not generate ATP using an electron transport chain?

Back 58

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 59

Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism. HOw are these process related?

Back 59

Catabolic reactionsbreak down organic compounds and release energy, while anabolic reactions use the products of catabolism and energy to build cell material.

Front 60

Why are most enzymes active at one particular temperature? Why are enzymes less active below this temp? What happens above this temp?

Back 60

The optimum temp for an enzyme is one that favors movement of molecules so the enzymes can "find" its substrate. Lower temps will decrease the reate of collisions and the reate of reactions. Increased temps will denature the enzyme.

Front 61

List four compounds that can be made frompyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation only.

Back 61

Ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, butyl alcohol, acetone, and glycerol

Front 62

A series of chemical reactions in which NADH is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic acid

Back 62

Krebs cycle