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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme
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Non competitive inhibitor
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What is very similar in shape or chemistry to the normal enzyme substrate
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Competitive Inhibitor
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What is a photosynthetic bacteria that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source
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Photoautotroph
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Both carbon and energy usually with the same organic compound
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Chemoheterotroph
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What is photosynthetic and uses organic material as a carbon source
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Photoheterotroph
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What is a mechanism which fatty acids are degraded
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Beta Oxidation
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A group of enzymes that function as electron carriers in respiration and photosynthesis
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Cytochromes
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A protein portion of an enzyme, inactive without a co factor
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Apoenzyme
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A measure of the rate of activity of an enzyme
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Turnover Number
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A non protein component of an active enzyme
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Coenzyme
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What is a "Whole enzyme"
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Holoenzyme
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Building of complex molecules. Requires energy
ATP Breakdown |
Anabolism
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Breakdown of organic compounds. Releases energy. ATP synthesis
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Catabolism
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What are sequences of chemical reactions
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Metabolic Pathways
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Reduce activation energy of a reaction~Has a three dimensional shape~Interact with a substrate molecule~serve as a catalyst
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Enzymes
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Enzymes are important in living organisms because they......
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bring together reactants or properly orient a molecule for a reaction
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What assists an enzyme by accepting or donating matter
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coenzyme
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What is NAD
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Electrons
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In bacteriologic media trace elements are required because...
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They serve as sources of enzyme cofactors
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What does competitive inhibition of enzyme action involve?
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Completion with the substrate for binding at the active site
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine triphosphate. Stroes the energy rec'd from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions.
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The reaction that is coupled with the oxidation of a substrate...
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NAD
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Oxidation of glucose involves what 3 stages?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron transport chain |
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During glycolysis electrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to
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NAD
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NADH formed during glycolysis and in Krebs cycle are...
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oxidized when electrons are passed to the electorn transport chain
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ATP produced during Krebs cycle is formed by
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Substrate level Phosphorylation
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In Aerobic electron transport chain what happens last?
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Electrons are transferred to Oxegyn
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The Proton Motive force is..
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An electrochemical gradient formed across a membrane
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Unlike Eukaryotes, in prokaryotes chemiosmosis
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Occurs at the plasma membrane and not the mitochondria.
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What controlls all Enzymes (Protein)
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DNA
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Shapes change when heated because
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It is a protein
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What is Penose-Phosphate pathway
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Heterotrophs use organic molecules as energy and carbon sources needed for nucleic acids.
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What is Anaerobic resperation
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Bacteria use oxygen substitutes such as nitrates
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Pyuvic acid accepts electons and is turned into various end products
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Fermentation
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Glucose to pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
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Electons are removed from an organic compound and transferred by an electon transport chain to oxygen
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Oxidative phosphrylation
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An electron is liberated from chorophyll and passes down an electron transport chain
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Photophosphorylation
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A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from nicotinic acid. Functions as electron carrier. Is Catabolic
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NAD
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A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from riboflavin
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ATP synthase
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In chemiosmosis, protons can diffuse across a membrane only through special channels that contain this enzyme
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FMN
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Pyruvic acid loses carbon dioxide to form an acetyl group
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Decarboxylation
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Glycosis
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Embden-Meyerhof
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A photosynthetic organism that does not produce oxygen
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Anoxygenic
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Removal of electrons
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Reduction
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Uses an inorganic source of energy such as ammonia or elemental sulfur
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Chemoautotrophic
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A chemoheterotroph that lives on dead organic matter is called
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Saprophyte
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When an enzyme's active site is occupied at all times by substrate or product molecules it is
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Saturated
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Cyanide is an example of a general type of inhibitor called
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non competative
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Sulfa drugs are an example of a type of inhibitor called
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Cometator
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In substrate level phosphorylation
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no oxygen or other inorganic final electron acceptor is required
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Deamination is
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the removal of NH2 from an amnio acid
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Decarboxylation is
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thr removal of COOH from an amino acid
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Substrate is
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The substance acted upon by an enzyme
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Glucos is usually broken down to pyruvic acid by
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Glycolysis
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In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl COA then can
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enter Krebs cycle
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DNA and RNA are made up of repeating units called
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Neucleotides
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When phosphate is split from ATP
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ADP is formed
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Tertiary
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Most enzymes are in this shape
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Where does protein synthesis happen?
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In the kitchen (Ribosomes)
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One enzyme for each
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Chemical reaction
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Co Factor
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Minerals
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Co Enzyme
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Vitamins
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NAD
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Vit B3
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FAD
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Vit B2
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Cellular Respiration
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Inorganic
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Fermentation
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Organic
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Competitive ingibitors
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Bind to enzyme active site. Where the puzzle would fit.
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Non competitive inhibitors
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bind to an allosteric site
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Oxidation
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removal of electorns
When a molecule is oxidized it loses energy |
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Reuction
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gain of electrons
When a molecule is reduced it gains energy |
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Redox
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When one molecule loses elecrons, another gains them. It is when reduction reactions are paired with oxidation reactions.
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Apoenzyme
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Enzyme with a portion of a protein
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Cofactor or coenzyme
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Non protein component
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Coenzyme
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Intermediat energy carrier from one pathway to another.
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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direct transfer of phosphate from substrate to ADP to make ATP
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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involves electron transport chain
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Chemiosmosis
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production of ATP from DP through electrochemical gradient across a membrane.From a buildup of protons
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Photophosphrylation
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Converts solar energy into chemical energy
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Catabolism
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Most micros use glucose or carbs as energy. Lipids and protiens also used.
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Cellular resperiation
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ATP process food molecules oxidized. Electron transport carriers.
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Aerobic respiration
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Electron acceptor is O2.
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Anaerobic respiration
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Acceptor is a inorganic molecule. Only happens in bacteria
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Fermentation
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is organic. Does not require o2
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Glycolysis
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splitting of sugar
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Fermentation
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Does not requier Krebs cycle or an electron chain. Organic
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Metabolic pathways
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sequences of chemical reactions determined by its enzymes that are determined by cells genetic makeup
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NADP
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Electron carrier. Is anabolic. Requires energy
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Co enzyme A
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Diriv of B Vit important in synthesis and breakdown of fats in Krebs cycle
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Some cofactors are metal ions that may help
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Catalyze enzymes, bridging.
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Competitive enzyme inhibitor
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compete with normal substrate for active size on enzyme
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Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
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decrease ability of normal subsrate to combine with enzyme. Inhibitor changes shape of active site making it nonfunctional.
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