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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the sum of of chemical reactions in an organism; either require energy or release energy
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metabolism
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complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler ones- energy releasing process-hydrolic reaction-exergonic
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catabolism
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buliding of complex molecules from simpler ones-energy using process-dehydration-endergonic
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anabolism
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a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
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metabolic pathway
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the ___ theory states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide.
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collision
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____ energy is needed to distrupt electronic configurations.
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activation
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____ rate is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction. (can be ___ by enzymes or ___ by temp/pressure)
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reaction rate-increased-increasing
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specific for a chemical reaction; not used up in that reaction.
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biological catalysts
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apoenzyme
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protein
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nonprotein component; (iron, zinc, mg, Ca) from bridge enzyme and substrate
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cofactor
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apoenzyme + cofactor = _____
some enzyme need both cofactor and apoenzyme to become active |
holoenzyme
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(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
an elctron carrie, a derivative of vitamin B, catabolism |
NAD+
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(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
an electron carrier, a derivative of vitamin B, anabolism |
NADP+
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(flavin adenine dinucleotide)
contain derivative of vitamin B riboflavin, also an electron carrier |
FAD
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deriviative of pathothenic acid, another vitamin B synthesis and breakdown of fats, also involve Krebs cycle
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Coenzyme A
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(enzymes)
oxidation-reduction reactions |
oxidoreductase
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(enzymes)
transferase |
transfer fuctiional groups
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(enzymes)
hydrolase |
hydrolisis
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(enzymes)
lyase |
removal of atoms without hydroliss
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(enzymes)
isomerase |
rearrangement of atoms
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(enzymes)
ligase |
joining of molecules, uses ATP, DNA
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factors that influence the rates of chemical reactions
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concentration
temp catalysts |
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-speeds up chemical reaction by lowering activation energy; unchanged at the end of the reaction; act at certi npH and substrates
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catalysts
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__ is the removal of electrons from a molecule; prodice energy
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oxidation
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__ is the gain of electrons by a molecule
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reduction
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"splitting of sugar" breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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gylcolysis
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most energy of glucose remains in 2 molecules of lyruvic acid; NADH passes electrons to the ETC- pyruvate enters mitochondria by active transport
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krebs cycle
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electron transfer in the ETC causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix; chemoiosmosis
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oxidative phosphorylation
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the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces _ ATP, _ NADH, and _H2O.
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2, 2, 2.
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in the krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl CoA produces _ NADH, _ FADH2 and _ ATP
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6, 2, 2.
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In aerobic respiration, __ is the final electron acceptor.
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oxygen (O2)
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-releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
-does not require oxygen -does not use krebs/ETC -uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor |
fermentation
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___ fermentation produces ethyl alcohol + CO2
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alcohol
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___ ___ fermentation produces lactic acid.
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lactic acid
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____ fermentation produces lactic acid only
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homolactic
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____ fermemntation produces lactic acid and other components
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heterolactic
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in ___ fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2.
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alcohol
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in ______ fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lacate as an end product, with no release of CO2.
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lactic acid
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