Microbial Genetics Part 1

Front 1

DNA functions as ________________________________

Back 1

the genetic material of all organisms and or many viruses

Front 2

Genome

Back 2

entire genetic complement of an organisms; included nucleotide sequences and genes

Front 3

Genomes are organized into _________________________________

Back 3

genes that carry instructions for synthesis of both RNA and proteins

Front 4

Genomes control __________________________

Back 4

synthesis of all molecules in an organism

Front 5

Genotype

Back 5

complete set of genes in the genome

Front 6

Phenotype

Back 6

physical features and functional traits of an organism that result in the expression of genes or sets of genes

Front 7

Replication

Back 7

exact duplication of entire genome for purposes of reproduction (cell division)

Front 8

Transcription

Back 8

copying of DNA information into RNA nucleotide sequences

Front 9

Translation

Back 9

synthesis of polypeptides through "interpretation" of mRNA nucleotide sequences

Front 10

Phosphate Group

Back 10

gives the molecule a negative charge

Front 11

Pentose Sugar

Back 11

Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA

Front 12

Five Cyclic Nitrogenous Bases

Back 12

Adenine; Guanine; Cytosine; Thymine; Uracil

Front 13

Two strands of DNA wind together into a _______________________

Back 13

Double Helix

Front 14

Hydrogen bonds form between _____ and ______; ________ and ________

Back 14

C and G; T and A

Front 15

In RNA ___ is substitues for T so bonds form between U and A

Back 15

U

Front 16

What are the key features of double helix

Back 16

Front 17

Prokaryotic Genomes are contained in __________ and sometimes _____________

Back 17

Chromosomes; plasmids

Front 18

Chromosomes constitue the main portion of ____________

Back 18

DNA

Front 19

Prokaryotic Genomes chromosomes only have _______ chromosome per cell

Back 19

1

Front 20

Chromosomes: Typically a _____________ of DNA that folds upon itself to form a mess clot within the cytoplasm called ___________

Back 20

Circular molecule; Nucleoid

Front 21

Chromosomes are associated with ___________ and RNA needed for __________ and ______________

Back 21

Proteins;replication; transcription

Front 22

Plasmids are _________________ molecules of DNA that _____________________

Back 22

Small, circular; replicate independently Mul

Front 23

Plasmids often present in _____________

Back 23

Multiple Copies

Front 24

Plasmids carry information requires for their own _________, and often for one or more _____________

Back 24

Replication; cellular traits

Front 25

Types of Plasmids

Back 25

Reproductive plasmids
Antibiotic resistance plasmids
Virulence plasmids
Molecular cloning vectors

Front 26

Eukaryotic Genomes contained in ______________________ and __________________

Back 26

Nuclear chromosomes; extra nuclear DNA

Front 27

Nuclear chromosomes have __________ chromosome per cell

Back 27

more than one

Front 28

Nuclear chromosomes are _________ and within _____________

Back 28

Linear; membrane bound nucleus

Front 29

Extranuclear DNA is DNA of _______________ and ___________ is ______________ and resembles chromosomes of prokaryotes

Back 29

mitochondria: chloroplasts; circular

Front 30

DNA replication is an ________________________ that requires nucleotide monomers and energy

Back 30

anabolic polymerization process

Front 31

The key to replication is the _______________ nature of the two parental strands

Back 31

Complementary

Front 32

Each parental strand serves as a

Back 32

Template for synthesis of a new, complementary daughter strand

Front 33

Replication is ______________

Back 33

Semi-conservitive: new helices are composed of one original strand and one daughter strand

Front 34

Step 1 of DNA Replication

Back 34

Removed DNA associated proteins

Front 35

Step 2 of DNA Replication

Back 35

Unwind and separate original (template) strands (DNA helicase)

Front 36

Step 3 of DNA Replication

Back 36

Synthesize RNA primers (Primase)

Front 37

Step 4 of DNA Replication

Back 37

Extend primers with DNA Polymerase 3, synthesis of DNA in the 3' direction

Front 38

Step 5 in DNA Replication

Back 38

Degrade RNA primers and fill in the gaps with DNA Polymerase 1

Front 39

Step 6 in DNA Replication

Back 39

Rewind new hybrid strands

Front 40

Primase

Back 40

Binds to template strand and synthesized short RNA primer

Front 41

DNA polymerase 3

Back 41

binds to primer and begins adding nucleotides to its 3' end

Front 42

______________________ synthesizes new DNA strands in only one direction, from the ____ end to the _____ end

Back 42

DNA Polymerase; 5'; 3'

Front 43

Leading Strand

Back 43

continuous DNA synthesize towards the replication fork

Front 44

Lagging Strand

Back 44

discontinuous DNA synthesis away from the replication fork

Front 45

In prokaryotes, replication begins at a specific site on bacteria chromosomes called the _______________

Back 45

Origin of Replication

Front 46

Proceeds around both sides of circular chromosomes in process called_________________

Back 46

Bidirectional Replication

Front 47

Replication places great torsional strain on circular chromosomes. T or F

Back 47

T

Front 48

Bacteria uses _____________________________ to relive strain

Back 48

Topoisomerases