Microbial Control And Drugs

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killing or removal of all viable organisms, including endospores and viruses, from a growth medium or surface

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Sterilization

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treatment of an object, surface, or space to render it safe to handle.

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Decontamination

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treatment of an object or surface to eliminate pathogens or inhibit their growth

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Disinfection

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macromolecules or plasma membrane lose structure and function

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denaturation

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the time required to reduce the remaining viable population to one-tenth of the starting population

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D value (decimal reduction time)

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a sealed devise in which steam (moist) heat is generated at elevated pressure

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autoclave

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a form of food processing that uses precisely controlled heat to reduce the number of micro organisms (microbial load) and thus retard spoilage and disease transmission.

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pasteurization

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induces DNA breaks and dimerization of adjacent nucleotides causing replication failure and death of microbes.

Does not penetrate solids

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UV Radiation

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produce free electrons, hydroxyl radicals, and hydride radicals that react with essential macromolecules disrupting function and causing cell death. X- and γ-rays penetrate solid objects and liquids.

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Ionizing Radiation

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eliminate microbes from what passes through. Effective means to decontaminate or sterilizeheat-sensitive materials

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Filtration

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thick sheets or a mat of randomly arrayed fibers of borosilicate glass or paper that remove large particles from liquid suspensions

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Depth filters

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suffix indicates that the agent kills the microbes

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–cidal

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as a suffix indicates that the agent inhibits growth of the microbes

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–static

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a suffix indicates that the agent breaks the microbial cell membrane

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–lytic

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destroy all forms of microbial life,including endospores, and are used where heat and radiation are impractical.

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Sterilants

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kill microorganisms but not endospores. They are used on inanimate objects such as tables tops, floors, walls

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Disinfectants

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do not eliminate but generally reduce microbes to safe numbers.

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Sanitizers

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agents that kill or inhibit growth of microorganismsbut are sufficiently nontoxic to be applied to living tissue

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Antiseptics

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The lowest concentration of the agent that completely inhibits growth

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minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC)

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several chemical agents are impregnated in small paper discs that are laid on a Petri plate containing nutrient agar inoculated with the target microbe. As the microbe lawn grows, the chemical agents diffuse from the paper discs and inhibit growth

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disc diffusion

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chemically manufactured compounds chosen for their selective toxicity, the ability to inhibit or kill pathogens without damaging the host

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Synthetic antimicrobial drugs

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compounds that are structurally similar to a natural growth factor required by the pathogen but which are different enough to disrupt function of the natural growth factor, usually by competitive or noncompetitive inhibition of an essential enzymatic activity.

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Growthfactor analogues

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analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid that block synthesis of folic acid, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis.

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Sulfa drugs

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active only against Mycobacterium spp. because it is a nicotinamide analog that interferes with mycolic acid synthesis

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Isoniazid

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typically used as anti-viral compounds

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Nucleoside analogues

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Azoles, polyenes and allylamines are inhibitors of ergosterol synthesis, an essential component of these cell membranes.

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Fungal cell wall inhibitors

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interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for supercoiling

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Quinolones

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Examples of Antibioticsthat target cell wall synthesis

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cillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin

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binds to and inactivates the bacterial enzyme responsible for extracellular transpeptidation during peptidoglycan synthesis

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Penicillin

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β-lactam ring that binds and inhibits the transpeptidase enzyme and they are typically more β-lactamase resistant.

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cephalosporins

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a glycopeptide antibiotic that binds to the intracellular peptidoglycan precursors and blocks their transport to the cell exterior

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vancomycin

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3 examples of antibiotics that target protein synthesis

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Amino glycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides

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target the 30S ribosomal subunit and halt proteintranslation. Bacteriocidal.

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Aminoglycosides

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target the 30S ribosomal subunit. Typically very broad spectrum but bacteriostatic.

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Tetracyclines

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inhibit protein translation by binding various sites of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Most of them are broad spectrum and bacteriostatic.

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Macrolides

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Chloramphenicol is not used much in humans any longer due to idiosyncratic reactions of...

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fatal aplastic anemia

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Antibiotics that target RNA transcription

examples and function

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Rifampin and the streptovaricins

bind the β subunit of RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting RNA synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria.

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Antibiotics that target DNA repair

examples and function

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Imidazoles (e.g. metronidazole) interferewith DNA repair systems and can also introduce DNA breaks

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Antibiotics that target lipid synthesis

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None!

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Some act as viral polymerase inhibitors primarily active against herpes and cytomegaloviruses. Others act to inhibit reverse transcriptase

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Nucleoside analogues

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block replication by inhibiting the activity of influenza virus neuraminidase

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Neuraminidase inhibitors

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small secreted proteins produced by host cells wheninfected by a virus that induce resistance to virus infection, generally, inadjacent uninfected cells. They can, therefore, be administered as drugs as anti-viral therapy.

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Interferons

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Classification of pathogens that depend on avoidingphagocytosis and unhampered multiplication in tissues but outside of cells andexposed to extracellular fluid, blood, or lymph.

Examples: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus,Escherichia

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Extracellular

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Classification of pathogens that multiply extracellularly but may resistdegradation within phagocytes and multiply intracellularly.

Examples: Neisseria, Brucella, Listeria

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Facultative intracellular

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Classification of pathogens that multiply in macrophagesbut may survive extracellularly in sites of chronic inflammation.

Examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania

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Usually intracellular

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Classification of pathogens that survive and multiply only within host cells and mayinhabit tissue cells other than phagocytes.

Examples: Rickettsia,Chlamydia

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Obligate intracellular

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organization of organisms that focuses on thesimilarities and divergence of genomic nucleic acid sequences.

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Phylogeneticclassification

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The most extensive phylogenetic classification todate is based on the sequences of the gene encoding what?

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the 16S ribosomal RNA