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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polyphyletic
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composed of many different taxa or groups ex: protists |
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Amoebas
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Ambiod movement by pseudopods (false feet)
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Ciliates
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Ciliated Movement |
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Flagellates
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Flagella
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Sporozoans
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Non-motile- generally complex life cycles
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Protists |
Eukaryotic organisms that do not belong to the kingdom Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia All organisms in Protista require moist habitats (except slime-molds) |
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Protozoa
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-Animal-like protists (most Protozoans use contractile vacuoles (for fighting osmosis expelled by water) -Unicellular heterotrophic microorganisms - Often have a "vegetative" trophozoite that is the active form, and a resting cyst stage -classified based on movement (amoeba, ciliate, flagellates, sporozoans) -most protists are free-living and harmless although there are pathogenic examples |
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water and slime molds |
fungi-like
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Algae
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Plant like protists that are photosynthetic and have cell walls of cellulose
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Trichomonas Vaginalis Causative agent of vulvovaginitis (trichomoniasis) in human females Exists only as a trophazoite flagellate |
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Algae Spirogyra vegetative filamentous green algae that grows in unbranched columns of cylindrical cells has a spiral arrangement of chloroplasts, characteristic of the genus contains a cellulose cell wall |
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Algae Volvox globator a spherical green algae forms colonies of cells that exist in a variety of fresh water habitats |
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Spirogyra vegetative
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Giardia lamblia trophozoite -causes giardiasis resulting in chronic diarrhea, dehydration -has a sucking disc to avoid being flushed -common infection in dogs who drink fecally contaminated water -appears as heart shape with 2 darkly stained nuclei -Flagellate |
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Trypanosoma Cruzi -parasite that infects humans causing Chagas disease (South America) -Disease exists in two stages, first acute sage has mild symptoms with local swelling, followed by a chronic disrupted sleep cycle and eventually death -delivered by a "kissing bug"/Reduvid insect (vector) bite usually on the face -Flagellate |
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Trypanozoma giambese (brucei) -parasite that infects humans causing "African Sleeping Sickness" or trypanomiasis -disease exists in two stages, first characterized by fever, headache and joint pain followed by neurological phase which results in confusion, disrupted sleep cycles and eventually death -Delivered by the tsetse fly (vector) bite (flagellate) |
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Euglena -can both consume other organisms or can perform photosynthesis (has chloroplasts) -View eyespot (red-light sensing area) -Flagella -chloroplasts |
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Balantidium coli cysts -Resting spore like form of balantidium coli -notable feature: bean shaped macronucleus -ciliate |
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Balantidium coli trophozoites -only pathogenic ciliate, causative agent of balantidiasis which causes acute infection resulting in bloody and mucoid diarrhea -notable feature: bean shaped macronucleus, bean shaped plasma membrane -Ciliate |
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Stentor Trumpet shaped, green in color, has a beaded nucleus cilia clearly visible sweeping food into oral groove (mouth) cilia |
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Paramecium -free living example of the unicellular ciliates -notable features: cilia surrounding cell, nuclei, contractile vacuole, and deep oral groove for feeding Know and label: cilia, contractile vacuole, oral groove, nucleus |
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Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite -causative agent of amoebic dysentery, common in poorly sanitized water, causes diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue -causes severe mucoid diarrhea and can progress into blood stream becoming fatal -Amoeba |
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Entamoeba histolytica cysts -causative agent of amoebic dysentery, common in poorly sanitized water, causes diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue -mostly identified by cysts (multiple ring like appearance) -Amoeba |
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Amoeba Proteus -free living example -consumes smaller organisms by enveloping them, creating a food vacuole -contains a contractile vacuole (for expelling water) and defined nucleus -know movement of psuedopia, vacuoles, nucleus |
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Characteristics of Fungi |
-Non-motile eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin -absorptive heterotrophs -Saprophytes -Increasingly they act as parasites -Generally able to grow in places many bacteria cannot |
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Absorptive Heterotrophs |
an organism that secretes exoenzymes that digetst materials (outside of cell) and then absorb them |
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Saprophytes |
decomposers |
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Morphology |
Generally exist in one or more forms: -vegetative structure -yeast (single celled) -Some fungi grow both as mold (mycelium) and yeast: dimorphic |
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mycelium |
mold that is the in large groups. lots of branching |
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hyphae |
branching filaments of the mold -in most fungi the cells in the branch are separated by walls (septa) -sometimes there are no septa -an exchange takes place along length of hyphae |
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Thallus |
a mass of hyphae or "fungal colony" -Mycelium: mass that can be visualized -can be exceptionally large |
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Yeasts |
non filamentous single celled fungi -causative agent of mycoses: disease cause by fungi -reproduce by budding (asexual) -or by production of spores |
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Asexual reproduction of fungi |
-can happen simply by fragmentation of a hyphae (no spore formation required) -Spore forming will create cells identical to the original -spore formation is true reproduction because it produces new individuals -formed from hyphae of one organism |
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Sexual Reproduction |
-Mating between different "types" |
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Reproduction of fungi |
classifed by division based on types of sexual spore produced and by structure that produces them |
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DKPCOGGS |
Domain-eurkarya Kingdom-fungi Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Phylum Zygomycota |
-Reproduce Sexually by production of zygospores -Reproduce asexually by sporangiospores at the end of a sporangiosphore |
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Phylum Basidiomycota |
-Sexually reproduce with basidiospores on stalk-like structures called basidium found within basidiocarps (mushrooms) -Potentially have a yeast form |
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Basidiocarps |
Mushrooms |
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Phylum Ascomycota |
-Sexually reproduced with ascospores formed on sac like structures called asci within ascocarps (truffles or morels) -Asexual reproduction occurs with the formation of conidiaspores on the end of conidiophores -potentially have yeast form |
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Important In several mutalisms (symbiosis) |
Mychorrhizaes Lichens |
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Mychorrhizae |
Fungi and roost associations for nutrient absorption |
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Lichens |
Fungi + algae or cyanobacteria -exist as a symbiotic mutualism (+/+\) Relationship -based on morphology:crustose (crust like), Foliose (leaf-like) , Fruticose:(Finger-like branching) Medulla- lichens' thallus is a groupd of hypthe growing around sybiotic partner (usually algae) |
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Mycosis |
Fungal caused Disease -Superficial Mycoses - skin nails or hair - dermatophytic mycoses- ringworms -systemic- throughout -mycotoxicosis: fungal toxin involved not infection |
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Rhizopus sporangia -sporangiophores are the lollipop shaped structures that form sporangiospores -asexual -group has aseptate hyphae (lack divisions between cells) -Phylum Zygomycota |
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Rhizopus conjugation -Sexual reproduction by rhizopus -zygospore in between the two hyphae -label hyphae and zygospore -Phylum Zygomycota |
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Rhizopus germinating spores -release of spores from Rhizopus sporangia -be able to determine species is Rhizopus -asexual -Phylum Zygomycota |
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Rhizopus mycelium -label mycelium, hyphae, and color of sporangiophores (black) |
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Aspergillus conidiophores -chains of conidia (spores) arising from end of unbranched conidiophores -asexual -Phylum Ascomycota |
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Penicillium live sample -label myceliiym, hyphae, and color of conidia (green) -Phylum Ascomycota |
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Penicillium conidium -Brush or hand-shaped conidia with stacks of conidiospores -Phylum Ascomycota |
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Live sample of ascocarts or morels (no representative image) |
Fruiting body of some ascomycota is the morel or ascocarp cells form asci on the edges of the honeycomb like section |
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding -Yeast sample (no hyphae) generally similar size as bacteria -note budding cells do not occur in bacteria, and therefore is a give away that you are looking at fungus -Phylum Ascomycota (yeast) -looks like a little bowling pin |
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae sporulation -note the ascus, filled with ascospores (usually 4 in each cell undergoing division) -sexual reproduction -Phylum Ascomycota (yeast) |
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Candida albicans -yeast sample (no hyphae) generally similar size as bacteria -part of human microbiota but overgrowth can result in thrush (oral infection usually seen in infants) and vulvovaginitis (frequently associated with use of antibiotics) -Phylum Ascomycota (yeast) |
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Basidiomycota: mushrooms - fruiting body -cells form basidiaspores on the edges of the gills under the mushrooms cap |
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Ectotrophic mycorrhiza -outside plant root sheath -Fungi that exhibit mutualistic relationships with plant roots -fungi are provided with food (glucose from photosynthesis) and provide the plant with increased absorptive surface area for water and minerals. |
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Endotrophic mycorrhiza -inside the rooth sheath (but not inside cells) -mycorhizae are fungi that exhibit mutualistic relationships with plant roots -fungi are provided with food (glucose from photosynthesis) and provide the plant with increased absorptive surface area for water and minerals. |
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Crustose -flat on surface (crust like) Lichens between fungus and photosynthetic organism that is either cyanobacteria or green algae |
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Foliose (Foliage like) - leaf like Lichens |
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Fruticose -bush like (often hanging) -Lichens |
