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265 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Where is electron transport chain on prokaryotes?
cell membrane
Viruses are this type of pathogen which means they have to be in a cell
Obligate intracellular
Fungal nucleic acid can be ____
haploid or diploid
Dimorphic means what?
yeasts or filaments
What is the most common parasitic infection?
toxoplasmosis
What are single celled parasites called?
Protozoa
What is the definition of a carrier state in normal flora?
Colonized by pathogen, but the interaction doesn't result in a disease state.
Are micro-organisms a source of carcinogens? Why or why not?
Yes, they convert chemicals of diet into active carcinogens
LD50 means...
ID50 means...
Id=infectious dose
Ld=lethal dose
Koch's postulates
1-4
Organism found in diseased but not in healthy
Organism isolated from disease and grown in pure culture outside
Organism must be taken from culture, put into animal, and cause disease
Organism must now be reisolated
What does gradient to sterility mean in terms of constitutive defenses?
some regions of the body are heavily colonized while others are not
Give 5 examples of physical and chemical barriers to innate immunity
Tissue barrier
pH barrier (stomach)
design of respiratory tract (muco-ciliary; epiglottis)
Secretions (microbicidal)
Complement system
What is the chemotactic agent of the complement system?
C5a
What is the opsonization component of the complement system?
C3b
What is a secondary infection
Infection made possible by a primary infection
Is prokaryotic cell geared for high or low metabolic rate?
High
What colors are Gram + and Gram - stains?
+: purple
-: red
Compare membranes for gram + and - bacteria
Gram +: 1 membrane (inner)
Gram -: 2 membranes (inner+outer)
How are pili arranged structurally (e.g. in a star shape, in a string shape)
helical fashion
What bacteria uses type 1 pili
uropathogenic E. coli
Adhesive pili direct what of the invading bacteria?
tropism
What structural feature prevents bacteria from being phagocytosed?
capsule
What type of infections do most encapsulated bacteria cause?
pyogenic
Which is more virulent: encapsulated pneumococci or nonencapsulated pneumococci?
encapsulated
flagellum is a _____ helix that rotates like a ______
rigid; propeller
Three components of the flagellum are:
1)basal body
2)hook
3)filament
Clockwise rotation of flagellum lead to what kind of motion?
random tumbling
(counter-clockwise leads to progressive movement)
Process by which bacteria move toward chemoattractants?
chemotaxis
Where is LPS found?
outer leaflet of outer membrane of Gram - bacteria
LPS structural components
O-antigen
Core
Lipid A
What are the gram - strains called that do not express the O antigen?
rough strains
What component of LPS is responsible for host-cell toxicity and gram - sepsis?
lipid A
Why does lipid A cause septic shock?
interacts with immune cells that leads to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines
In terms of E. Coli, what do porins allow?
Ions and hydrophilic molecules to pass through water-filled channels
What type of microorganism has teichoic acid
Gram + bacteria
How does teichoic acid cause sepsis?
Causes host cells to release inflammatory mediators like cytokines
What are the three principal functions of the cell membrane in gram + cells?
Osmotic barrier
Site of selective permeability
Site of cytochrome activity and proton motive force generation
Where is periplasm found, what type of microorganism?
In gram - bacteria
What does the periplasm contain? looking for 4 things
proteases, de-toxifying enzymes, chaperones, and binding proteins
Where is the only place that D amino acids are found?
Peptidoglycan
What are the repeating units of peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
N-acetylmuramic acid (Mur-NAc)
Compare how many layers of peptidoglycan a gram + microorganism has versus a gram - organism
Gram +: 40 layers
Gram -: 1 layer
What is produced when Bordetella sloughs off peptidoglycan fragments? What is the eventual pathology?
tracheal cytotoxin-->whooping cough
What facilitates the cross-linking of the cell wall?
Transpeptidation enzymes known as penicillin binding proteins
What does penicillin do that makes it an antibiotic. What happens to the microorganism?
Penicillin binds transpeptidase; cell wall cross-linking stops; cell wall becomes weak; cell is lysed
What test differentiates Streptococcus and Staphylcoccus?
Catalase test
Strep (-)
Staph (+)
What differentiates S. aureus from the other staphylococcus?
Coagulase test
S. aureus (+)
S. saprophyticus, epidermis et al. (-)
What's a Lancefield antigen?
Classification based on C carbohydrate (antigen) on cell wall
What is Lancefield classification of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Group A
What causes strept throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What happens if you don't treat strept throat?
Leads to scarlet fever, if it produces scarlet fever toxins
What happens if you get a lot of strep infections?
Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis
What is rheumatic fever?
Inflammatory disease of heart, joints, skin, and brain
What is the B Streptococci and what does it cause?
streptococcus agalactiae; meningitis and bacteremia
Enterococcus [what does it cause]
nosocomial infections like UTI; unusually resistant to antibiotics
Corynebacterium [cause?]
Diptheria
Corynebacterium [produces?]
diptheria toxin
Diptheria toxin [symptoms/pathology]
sore throat, brassy cough, pseudomembrane formation
Bacillus [causes?]
anthrax
Anthrax toxin [patho]?
local necrosis, tissue damage
Listeria [who is at risk?]
pregnant women
Listeria [symptoms?]
fever, headache, vomiting, ab pain, cramps in lower back
Classification for gram - bacteria that are part of normal flora?
enterobacteriaceae
Who are important members of enterobacteriaceae?
[3]
E. Coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Pathogenic strains of E. coli?
[5]
Uropathogenic E. coli
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Enterpathogenic E. coli
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
4 important virulence factors for enterobacteriacae
pili
type 3 secretion mechanism
toxins
LPS
Pseudomanas [claim to fame?];[important to this class of people]
most frequent cause of nosocomial infxn in patients hospitalized for 10 days or longer
cystic fibrosis patients susceptible to its pneumonia
Virulence factor of pseudomanas [3]
extracellular proteases
pili
alginate capsule
Legionella [causes; claim to fame]
major cause of community acquired pneumonia
What is so special about Legionella's relationship to the immune system?
can survive within alveolar macrophages
What is Legionella's key virulence factor?
type IV secretion
What does bordetella cause?
Whooping cough
Vibrio [causes]
Cholera
Important virulence factor for vibrio?
pili and cholera toxin
Neisseria [virulence factor (5)]
pili, LOS (lipooligosaccharide), outer membrane proteins, capsule, proteases
What happens if gonococci don't have pili and try to initiate urethral disease?
Doesn't happen
H. influenzae [pathology (2)]
meningitis and upper respiratory tract infections
H. influenzae [virulence factors (4)]
capsule
LOS
pili
secreted proteases
Helicobacter [causes (3)]?
chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers
Helicobacter [virulence factors (4)]?
flagella
adhesins
urease
vacuolating cytotoxin
If someone is infected with H. pylori and has microbial colonization, what is the risk?
gastric carcinoma
What is colonization of host tissues usually mediated by?
adhesins
Why inject virulence factors into the host cell anyways?
Helps to evade host defenses
How does "injection" of virulence factors happen, what's the mechanism?
type 3 secretion mechanisms
What do Enteropathogenic E. coli use during neonatal diarrhea to remain extracellular
type 3 secretion mechanism
where does Salmonella typhimurium inject virulence factors and why?
allow pathogen to invade and survive in macrophages
where are the genes that encode type 3 secretion systems?
pathogenecity islands
what is cystitis?
pain or burning upon urination
what is pyelonephritis
above plus fever, flank pain, nausea/vomiting
main microorganism that causes UTI?
uropathogenic E. coli (80%)
what is at the tip of type 1 pili expressed by UPEC?
FimH adhesins
what happens if UPEC type 1 adhesins don't have FimH?
don't adhere to bladder surface
host innate defenses to UPEC expressing type 1 pili [5]
urine flow
antimicrobial substances within urine and uroepithelium
resident immune effector cells
exfoliation
neutrophils
how does exfoliation happen, to prevent UPEC expressing type 1 pili
apoptosis-like mechanism
key bacterial products involved in H. pylori pathogenesis [5]
adhesins
urease
flagella
vacuolating cytotoxin
CagA protein
what does vacuolating cytotoxin do?
induces cell apoptosis and suppresses immune system
how does H. pylori cause neoplastic event?
proliferating stem cells express sialic acid containing receptor, that is recognized by H. pylori second adhesin
what mediates bacterial invasion of UPEC?
type 1 pili adhesin, FimH
What does E. coli invasion into bladder epithelium activate?
toll like receptor 4
what does activation of toll-like receptor 4 cause
cytokine induction
what is important movement mechanism that UPEC uses to subvert host defenses?
fluxing out of infected cells and invade underlying epithelium
what can UPEC do in terms of activity to subvert host defenses?
enter quiescent state
community acquired UTI pathogens
3 Gram +
2 Gram -
-: Esch. Coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella
+: Staph. saprophyticus, Enterococcus
Top 3 pathogens of acute otitis media?
Strep. pneumoniae
H. Influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
What does Dx of AOM require [2]
Middle ear effusion
Inflammatory changes
Where does AOM caused by H. inf begin?
colonization of nasopharynx
What is Hap [2]?
H. inf adhesin secreted by autotransporter pathway; serine protease w/ autoproteolytic activity
What does Hap do?
augments aggregation of H. inf and causes formation of microcolony formation in presence of SLPI
What's SLPI
secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
example of beta-lactamase inhibitor?
Augmentin
What is EPEC?
enterpathogenic E. coli
What is major result of EPEC infxn
infantile diarrhea in developing world
what happens when it interacts with epithelium
produces effacing and attaching lesions
what are effacing and attaching lesions?
pedestal like structures on the apical surface of epithelium
what's the result of effacing and attaching lesions [2]?
loss of microvilli from the epithelial surface and formation of actin rich pedestals beneath adherent bacteria; leads to fluid release
why does EHEC form pedestals?
[4]
promote attachment
facilitate delivery of toxin
produce diarrhea
kidney toxicity
What do Tir and Esps do with EHEC
activate host signals to produce actin polymerization
What does EHEC lead to, what other syndrome?
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Where is typhoid fever acquired from?
human source (feces, urine)
How does typhoid fever happen?
Salmonella typhi and are ingested, go to intestinal lymphatics, phagocytosed by macrophages. Travel around with macrophages. Once macrophages destroyed salmonella comes out and causes septicemia.
What type of secretion mechanism does Salmonella typhi use and why?
Type 3, allows survival in vacuolar compartment in macrophages
What causes hemolytic uremic syndrome?
Shiga toxin producing EHEC
What % of EHEC infxn result in HUS?
2-7%
chronic renal failure develops in 4-10% of children w/ HUS
What are bacterial byproducts of metabolism [3]
H2S
Acetic acid
Reactive oxygen species
what type of bacteria produce exotoxins?
gram + and gram -
what is the most potent exotoxin?
tetanus
1 mg can kill 10,000 people
Where do these toxins originate from?
encoded on plasmids or on phages
what regulates expression of diptheria toxin?
iron levels
high iron=low expression
low iron=high expression
most toxins have what kind of structure
A-B
A: action, enzymatic activity
B: binding activity (specificity)
_Scarlet fever_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism: Strept. pyogenes
Toxin: pyrogenic exotoxins
Mechanism: superantigen
Pathophysiology: lymphocyte activation, perivascular inflammation
Treatment: penicillin
_Scalded skin syndrome/bullous impetigo_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Staph. aureus
Toxin:Epideromolytic toxin A or B
Mechanism: Serine protease-cleave desmoglein in CT
Pathophysiology:Separation of granulosa layer of skin
Treatment:anti-satphylococcal
_Diptheria_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Corynebacterium diptheria
Toxin:diptheria
Mechanism:inhibits protein synthesis
Pathophysiology:cell necrosis, heart and neurons esp. susceptible
Treatment:
_Pertussis_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Bordetella pertussis
Toxin:pertussis toxin
Mechanism:inactivation of G proteins
Pathophysiology:unsure
Treatment:macrolides (erythromyocin)
_Infantile botulism_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Clostridium botulinum
Toxin:botulinum toxin
Mechanism:Zn2+ protease, cleave synaptobrevin
Pathophysiology:prevents ACh secretion at neuromuscular junction; flaccid paralysis
Treatment:suppportive, antitoxin
_Tetanus_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Clostridium tetani
Toxin:tetanus toxin
Mechanism:Zn2+ protease, cleaves synaptobrevin
Pathophysiology:prevents release of neurotransmitters at inhibitory neurons; tonic muscle contraction
Treatment:vaccine, supportive, metronidazole or penicillin, antitoxin
_Cholera_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Vibrio cholerae
Toxin:cholera toxin
Mechanism:activates adenylcyclase
Pathophysiology:Na+ and water secretion, dehydration
Treatment:hydration, electrolytes, glucose, antibiotics (for diarrhea)
_Toxic shock syndrome_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Strep. pyrogenes, Staph aureus
Toxin:TSST-1
Mechanism:superantigen
Pathophysiology:Non-spec activation of T-lymphocytes, massive cytokine and NO production
Treatment:supportive, anti-staph antibiotics
_Necrotizing pneumonia/lung abscess_
Organism:
Toxin:
Mechanism:
Pathophysiology:
Treatment:
Organism:Staph aureus
Toxin:Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)
Mechanism:pore formation
Pathophysiology:tissue necrosis; inhibits phagocytosis
Treatment:anti-staphylococcal (MRSA) antibiotics
CDC Category A Biological Diseases List [6]
Smallpox
Tularemia
Bubonic plague
Anthrax
Botulism
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
Is person to person spread of anthrax likely?
No
Three kinds of botulism
Foodborne, Infant, Wound
Organism of plague
Yersinia pestis
Types of plague [3]
Septicemic (complication or primary), pneumatic (air), bubonic (skin)
Two clinical forms of smallpox [2]
Variola major (severe)
Variola minor (less severe)
Types of variola major [4]
ordinary (most frequent)
modified (mild and occurs in vaccinated)
flat (rare and severe)
hemorrhagic (rare and severe)
Tularemia [caused by]?
Francisella tularemia
Symptoms of tularemia
sudden fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, joint pain, dry cough, progressive weakness, and pneumonia
Where do Viral hemorrhagic fevers normally reside?
arthropod vector
bacteriostatic requires what to kill bacteria?
host's defenses
what are beta lactam antibiotics considered to be structural analogs of?
D-Ala-D-Ala of the peptidoglycan unit
Why do drug companies bring a lot of beta lactam drugs to market [3]
differences in target bacteria
differential inhibition of PBP
differential sensitivity to beta-lactamases
why is the mycobacteria cell wall different?
it is Gram + but has much less peptidoglycan; contains carbohydrate polymers and a waxy mycolic acid coat
what do most eukaryotes carry?
a symbiotic prokaryote
what is most common protein synthesis inhibitor; why are they special?
aminoglycosides; bacteriocidal
side effects of aminoglycosides [4]
hypersensitivity rxn
ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
neuromuscular blockade
target of quinolones?
DNA topoisomerases
what do toposiomerases do?
essential enzymes for the packaging and segregation of DNA strands
what is Ciprofloxacin?
inhibitor of topoisomerase 2
What do antimetabolites do?
inhibit metabolic pathway
Most prominent antimetabolites [2]
sulfonamides
antifolates
key function of antifolates?
inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase which is required for tetrahydrofolate synthesis
what's key feature of sulfonamides and antifolates?
synergy as well as additivity
why is it difficult to develop antibiotics that target viruses?
viruses use cellular machinery/enzymes to function
Since viruses need special DNA and RNA polymerases, what is an attractive strategy?
nucleoside analogs
what is selectivity of nucleoside analog determined by?
how efficient viral enzymes activate the drug
degree of potency to inhibit viral polyermase
what is the critical step in viral maturation and so what is the target?
cleavage of precursor proteins; protease inhibitors
what is the major membrane difference between fungi and other organisms?
sterol component: ergosterole instead of cholesterol
How can microbe become resistant to drugs [2]?
change the drug target
change how drug is handled
How to change drug targets [4]
mutation
over-production
sequester target
borrow a resistant target
how to change transport of drug in viruses [5]
increased efflux
decreased uptake
decreased activation
increased detoxification
sequestration of drug
major role of chloroquine
parasites ability to detoxify heme
what are transposons?
mobile gene elements
how to prevent spread and emergence of drug resistance
understand mechanisms of resistance
use drug combos
use drugs properly
keep microbial populations low
reduce transmission
how do pathogenic organisms differ from non-pathogenic organisms?
possession of virulence factors
_staphylococcus aureus_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: +
Structure:cocci in clusters
Virulence: meth resist
Epidemiology: normal flora, trauma, foreign body, poor hygiene
Diseases:cutaneous, bacteremia
Lab Dx:rapid growth on blood agar, clusters, catalase and coagulase +
Treatment, Control, Prevention: penicillins
Virulence factors and effects: Cytotoxins. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-->toxic for many cells, including PMN; Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1-->superantigen, systemic activation of inflammatory response
_Streptococcus pyogenes_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: +
Structure: cocci in chains; M-protein
Virulence:/
Epidemiology:asymptomatic carry in nasopharynx
Diseases:pyogenic and nonpyogenic
Lab Dx: blood agar, beta-hemo
Treatment, Control, Prevention: penicillin, macrolides
Virulence factors and effects: capsule-->resist phagocytosis; M-protein-->adhesin, anti-phag, degrade C3b; F protein-->adhesin; pyrogenic exotoxins-->fever, mitogenic for T cells, enhance DTH, cytotoxic, scarlitiniform rash; Streptolysin S-->lysis many cell types; Streptolysin O-->lyses many cell types
_Neisseria meningitidis_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: -
Structure: coccibacillus
Virulence: capsule
Epidemiology: humans
Diseases: meningitis
Lab Dx:typical morphology
Treatment, Control, Prevention: penicillin
Virulence factors and effects:
_Salmonella enteriditis_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: -
Structure: bacilli
Virulence: capsule, type 3 sec system, resistance to serum killing, survive within macrophages
Epidemiology:contamination
Diseases:bacterima, enteritis
Lab Dx:isolation from stool or blood
Treatment, Control, Prevention: no antibiotics; 3rd gen cephalosporins
Virulence factors and effects:
_Clostridium botulinum_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: -
Structure: spore-forming bacillus; strict anaerobe
Virulence: botulinum toxin; spore formation
Epidemiology: honey, soil
Diseases: flaccid paralysis from botulinum toxin
Lab Dx: isolation from blood or stool
Treatment, Control, Prevention: supportive, antitoxin
Virulence factors and effects:
_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_
Gram:
Structure:
Virulence:
Epidemiology:
Diseases:
Lab Dx:
Treatment, Control, Prevention:
Virulence factors and effects:
Gram: -
Structure: bacillus; oxidase positive; mucoid exopolysaccharide capsule
Virulence: anti-microbial resistance
Epidemiology: ubiquitous
Diseases: pulm infxn, burn infxn, urinary cath infxn, ear infxn, eye infxn
Lab Dx: grows on agar; oxidase +
Treatment, Control, Prevention: 3rd gen ceph sporins
Virulence factors and effects: capsule-->resist phagocytosis; biofilm-->anti-phagocytic
what does M protein in strep pyogenes do?
inhibits opsonization by alternative complement system
what's a virion?
package with virus material destined for infxn of host cell
what is a capsid and what is it made by?
protein shell of some viruses, made by capsomers
what is nucleocapsid?
genome complexed with one or more capsid proteins, wrapped up in membrane envelope
what is eclipse phase of virus infxn?
time after infxn but before progeny virions can be found
what does hemagluttinin on the influenza A virus bind to?
sailic acid residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids on host cell surface
Papilloma virus [type DNA/RNA and methods]
DNA; DNA-->DNA-->DNA
Hep B virus [type DNA/RNA and methods]
Retrovirus; DNA-->RNA-->DNA
HIV virus [type DNA/RNA and methods]
Retrovirus; RNA-->DNA-->RNA
West Nile virus [type DNA/RNA and methods]
RNA; RNA-->RNA-->RNA
Why is the fidelity of reverse transcriptase and RNA polymerase important?
implications for viral adaptation and drug resistance
what is the de facto way of identifying viruses?
PCR and up and coming microarrays
How to make viral diagnosis? [6]
Viral Culture
Detection of viral antigens
Detection of nucleic acid
Direct visualization
Observation of effect in tissue
Detection of immunological response.
How does ELISA work? and what does it stand for?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA];
detects antigen using capture antibody and enzyme labeled detector antibody
What's the difference between acute and chronic infection?
acute infxn progress rapidly, have short incubation time, usually resolved quickly
chronic infxn much slower
_Human influenza_
characteristics:
segmented, single strand, negative sense RNA genome
why do some viruses have good vaccine but others don't?
the good vaccines targeted essential parts of the virus
what type of influenza virus are antivirals good for?
influenzavirus A
are hep B and hep C cytolytic or non-cytolytic?
non-cytolytic
is HIV cytolytic or non-cytolytic?
cytolytic
strategies to evade host defenses [7]
immune privileged sites
restricted gene expression
inhibit innate immune response
antigenic variation
inhibit cytokine function
interfere with antigen processing
infect immune cells
what kind of genome is HSV?
large (152kb), enveloped linear dsDNA
what is target of HSV?
epithelial cells; later invades the central nervous system and establishes latency in neurons
why does HCV have high rate of chronic infection?
HCV outpaces the immune response, maximal titers before immune system can respond
what kind of genome is HCV
enveloped positive sense RNA virus
what type of bacteria does MacConkey agar plate grow?
gram negative
cryptosporidium parvum [claim to fame]
severe and life-threatening diarrhea in AIDS patients; apicomplexin
Leishmania [claim to fame]
live inside phagolysosome of macrophages
RBC targets:
Plasmodium falciprum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
falciparum: all ages RBC
vivax: reticulocytes
malariae: old
Fungal superficial infxn [organisms]
piedras, tinea versicolor
Fungal cutaneous [organisms]
tineas
Fungal subcutaneous [organisms]
Sporothrix schenkii
What is candidiasis?
opportunistic infxn, part of normal flora
What is aspergillosis?
opportunistic infxn, bronchopulmonary disease, lung aspergillomas?
what are aspergillomas/
opportunistic infxn, fungus ball, clumb of fungus which exists in a body cavity
What is cryptococcosis?
opportunistic infxn, encapsulated, yest form only, neurotropic
What is Mucormycosis?
opportunistic infxn, spores germinate and hyphae invade blood vessels of sinuses, brain, very aggressive
What is pneumocystis carinii?
opportunistic infxn, eukaryotic, closest to fungi
As far as global mortality, what is the top 5?
Infectious disease
Cancer
Heart Diseases
Cerebrovascular diseases
Chronic lung disease
Top 3 infectious disease killers?
TB, HIV, Malaria
What are the pyogenic cocci?
Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseria
What are some characteristics of Streptococcal disease [7]?
Gram:
Type of infxn:
Acute/Chronic:
Extracellular/Intracellular:
Weak/Strong Inflammatory response:
Fever/No fever:
What are some characteristics of Streptococcal disease [7]?
Gram:+
Type of infxn:pyogenic
Acute/Chronic:acute
Extracellular/Intracellular:extracellular
Weak/Strong Inflammatory response: strong
Fever/No fever: fever
What is normal harmless colonization rate of Streptococcus?
30-70%
Where does streptococci have to enter into and spread in order to be virulent in pneumonia?
aveolar spaces
What is the most important virulence factor of streptococcus?
capsule
What is the agent that the immune system reacts against with streptococcus?
capsule polysaccharide
Where do legionella live?
macrophages
What is legionella practically indistinguishable from?
Pneumococcal pneumonia
What are symptoms of pontiac fever?
flu-like; no pneumonia, recover w/o Tx within 1 week
_Legionella_
Gram:
Aerobic/anaerobic:
Structure:
How pathogenic:
Gram:-
Aerobic/anaerobic: aerobic
Structure: coccobacilli
How pathogenic: macrophages, inhibition of acidification of phagosome
What is the main type of antibiotic that can penetrate into white blood cells?
erythromycin
Where is Avian influenza endemic?
waterfowl populations
Where does Avian influenza normally reside inside waterfowl?
digestive tract, via fecal-oral
What type of Hemagluttinin are waterfowl versus human?
H1,H2,H3: human
H5,H7,H9:domestic poultry
What was infection/mortality profile of 1918 flu?
W shaped, old, young, and middle aged most affected
What type of virus is SARS?
Coronavirus
Where do we think SARS came from?
bats
What type of organism is multi- or unicellular with membrane bound organelles?
eukaryote
What is a unicellular organism with no membrane-bound organelles?
prokaryote
what type of pathogen is a virus?
obligate intracellular
Why are mycobacteria called gram +?
They have one membrane
What color are acid-fast staining organisms?
red
What are the three main types of cellular morphology and what is their definition?
coccus: spherical
bacillus: rod
spirochete: spiral
Where are type 1 pili normally found and what do they usually have attached?
enteric bacteria; FimH adhesin
What is the general name of a protein that binds to a sugar residue?
lectin (ex. FimH)
What are type 4 pili and where are they usually found?
found in gram - bacteria, not implicated in conjugation; Enterpathogenic E. Coli, Vibrio cholerae, Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
What is the difference between peritrichous and monotrichous?
peritrichous: more than one flagellum per cell
monotrichous: one polar flagellum per cell
What does the Quellung rxn do?
binds antibodies to capsule of Strep. pneumoniae and allows it to be visualized under microscope
what does the normal vaginal flora contain?
lactobacillus
What does passive immunization mean?
transfer of antibodies from a donor to a host (ex. maternal antibodies to baby)
what does cholera toxin do?
increase cyclic AMP levels
what is the organism that is Lancefield group A versus lancefield group B
A: streptococcus pyogenes
B: streptococcus agalactiae
is streptococcus + or - catalase
-
hemolytic: strep pyo?
beta
hemolytic: strep agal?
beta
hemolytic: strep pneumo
alpha
what is the only staph that is coagulase positive?
Staph aureus
Does staph have a capsule?
no
What does bacillus cereus cause?
food poisoning
What is clostridium and bacillus known for?
endospores
is UPEC extracellular or intracellular?
intracellular
is EHEC extracellular or intracellular?
extracellular
How does your diff Dx change if something will not grow on blood agar but will grow on chocolate agar?
Haemophilus will not grow on blood agar.
What are three types of hemolysis?
Acts on RBC's
alpha-halo, moderate lysis
beta-full lysis
gamma-no lysis
What's the C. dificil elevator speech?
pseudromembranous colitis
Gram +
spore former (b/c all clostridiums are spore formers)