Microbe Human Interactions (Infection And Disease)

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in epidemiology, descriptive study

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occurs after disease outbreak to determine the characteristics of people such as age sex personal habits location etc.

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leukocidins

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substances that are toxic to white blood cells

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transient

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refers to normal flora that are only present for short periods of time, now and then

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Bacteremia septicemia

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the presence of bacteria in the blood

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the World Health Organization determines

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which diseases are possible to eradicate from the face of the earth: it provides guidance funding and education

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focal infection

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it's a local infection that spread examples include rabies hepatitis a and tetanus

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reservoir

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a continual source of infectious agents , soil water food diseased animals and other humans are all examples

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latent disease

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is one that can be inactive for long periods of time examples include viral diseases such as shingles and cold sores

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propagated epidemic

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is one where the number of cases continues to rise as infected people continue to infect others

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what does the capsule do

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it helped the pathogen escape phagocytosis unless opsonization has occurred

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respiratory droplet

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is produced by sneezing coughing and talking can easily spread respiratory diseases over distance is less than 1 meter

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common source epidemic

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occurs due to a single exposure of a group of people

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ligands

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our projections of microbes that match host receptors at the correct portal of entry

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non-communicable

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diseases are not spread from one person to another such as botulism or tetanus

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colonization

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during pathogenesis and occurs as the microorganisms multiply to establish themselves on or within the host

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resident

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refers to normal flora virtually always present

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National Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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located in Atlanta Georgia publishes the MMWR: 50 + diseases are continuously monitor to detect any trends early

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prevalence

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the total number of existing cases (old & new) of a disease in a given population usually expressed as a percentage: a snapshot to help access the overall impact of a disease

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infectious dose

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refers to the number of microorganisms necessary to establish an infection; a few to several million, depending on factors such as the virulence of the infectious agent and the host defenses

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morbidity rate

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is calculated as the number of cases in a given time divided by the population at risk:
contagious diseases such as influenza typically have a high rate because each infected individual transmitted disease to several others; it is also the first M in MMWR

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its postulates where experimental steps to establish the microbe that causes the disease

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Koch

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diagnosis

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refers to the identification disease; sign symptoms and lab results

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following transmission to a new host during pathogenesis there must be blank to the target host tissue in order for colonization to occur, pili and complimentary surface molecules may help

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adherence

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the presence of a blank is common in pathogenic bacteria

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capsule because it inhibits phagocytosis because it's slippery and slimy so the phagocytes can't get a good grip

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symptoms

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subjective !!!
changes in the body during a disease that include pain and Malaise (a feeling a general discomfort)

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subclinical infection

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is asymptomatic and may go unnoticed specially in children

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fibrinase

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is an exoenzyme that breaks down fibrin clots allowing bacteria to spread

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the illness period of a disease

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occurs when the disease is most acute and death this most likely: marked by fever chills enlarged lymph nodes elevated white blood cell count etc.

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the first step for Pathogenesis to occur

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transmission to susceptible host this may occur from the environment soil water from human or other animals by direct or indirect means

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a chronic disease

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develops slowly and symptoms persist for long duration mononucleosis TB leprosy and syphilis are all examples

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the carrier

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I host with a pathogen that does not cause disease in the host but can be transmitted to others were could cause disease

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communicable diseases

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can be transmitted from one person to another;
measles colds and influenza

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sign

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our objective;
measurable changes in the body during the disease include fever edema lesions rash pus and inflammation

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pathogenesis

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refers to the process of disease development steps include transmission, adherence, invasion colonization, damage to host, exit from host and survival long enough for transmission to the next host

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catalase

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an exoenzyme that breaks down h2o2 produced by phagocytes into water and oxygen preventing digestion of the engulfed bacterium

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vertical spread of the disease

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direct form of transmission that only occurs across the placenta( syphillus or rebulla) or from mother to newborn (herpes)

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prevalence refers to the total number of existing cases old and new) of a disease in a given population usually expressed as a blank

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percentage

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local infection

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microorganisms are restricted to a small area example warts or boils

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malaise

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general feeling of being unwell

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mutualism

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refers to a form of symbiosis; partners benefit from the relationship; E. coli of normal flora of human provides vitamin K some of the B vitamins and make helpful bacteriocins( chemicals to fight off) harmful species

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Prodromal period of disease

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host defenses have been overcome and disease has developed this. Follows incubation in some diseases; it is marked by early mild symptoms/ signs aches and malaise

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coagulase

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an exo enzyme that activates prothrombin in blood plasma. prothrombin then combines with fibrinogen forming a fibrin clot for the pathogen to hide this helps prevent phagocytosis

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exotoxins

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toxic soluble protein secreted by some bacteria examples are the cause of botulism and tetanus

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the decline period of the disease

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1 to a few days in duration occurs when signs and symptoms subside this is also when the patient is most susceptible to secondary opportunistic infections

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Typhoid Mary

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an Irish immigrant cook in New York in the early 1900 s
she infected over thousand people became perhaps the best known carrier of all time

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systemic infection

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one that spreads throughout the body via the blood and lymphatic system measles tooth abscess appendicitis chickenpox and syphilis

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the incubation period

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what host defenses have been overcome and diseases developing thisperiod occurs before the first signs and symptoms appear. it may be short (10 to 14 days with typhoid fever) or long (10 years with AIDS)

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an opportunistic organism

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is usually nonpathogenic that it can become pathogenic under certain circumstances such as when host health is compromised when there's a reduction of normal flora or if it gets into a different part of the body

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syndrome

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refers to a group of signs and symptoms that typically occurs with particular disease often helpful for diagnosis

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parasitism

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refers to the form of symbiosis where one partner benefits at the expense of the other called the host causing harm and possibly even death

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biological vector

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part of the pathogen life cycle

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an endemic disease

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is constantly present in a population the common cold as an example

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an epidemic

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occurs when a lot of people get a disease in a short period Of time

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all types of stress emotional nutritional physical increase production of

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immunosuppressive corticosteroids

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epidemiology

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the study the frequency and distribution of disease in order to identify risk factors and set guidelines for the prevention and control of certain diseases

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horizontal spread of a disease

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a direct form of transmission from person to person

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endotoxin

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poisonous cell components that are released when the microbe dies breaks apart includes various lipopolysaccharides LPS and gram negative cell walls

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convalescent period

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during disease recovery this period Follows the decline period This is the period Of time that sorry to fully regain strength

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commensalism

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symbiosis where one panther benefits while the others neither help nor harmed Staphylococcus epidermidis lives off skin secretions and slouched cells

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indirect disease transmission

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involves transfer of pathogens fomites food water or air

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mortality rate

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the percentage of people who died from the disease AIDS Ebola and plague have high rates it is also the second M in MMWR

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pandemic

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worldwide epidemic;
influenza and AIDS are examples

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septic shock

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a potentially fatal condition that can occur when endotoxins are released from gram-negative bacteria as they break apart

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normal flora

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refers to microorganisms that normally live in or on the body without producing harm they may be resident (always there) or transient (only present for a short time)

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Hyaluronidaze

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and exoenzyme also nickname spreading factor it breaks down the glue of connective tissue enhancing spread throughout the body

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during pathogenesis adherence to the target tissue least two successful Blank, the higher the number of microbes present the more likely this will occur

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invasion

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analytical study

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and epidemiolog, once the occurence of an outbreak has been fully described, this study is done to identify specific risk factors that result in high frequencies of disease involves a comparative approach with people with this disease compared to similar people without the disease

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cockroaches and house flies are not involved in the parasites life cycle but are merely carriers they are referred to as

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mechanical disease vectors

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toxemia

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the presence of toxins in the blood

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contagious disease

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is a communicable disease that is easily spread like chicken pox and measles

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incidence

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refers to disease cases in a specific time period Compared with a general healthy population; regardless of the population size of this is expressed as number of cases per 100,000 people for easier comparison and indicates both the rate and the risk of infection

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hemolysins

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exotoxins that lyse red blood cells

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zoonosis

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a disease primarily of other animals that can affect humans
swine flu rabies RMSF anthrax and bubonic plague

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direct disease transmission

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involves transfer pathogens from one person to another this is typical of fragile package is that cannot survive its during periods of time in the environment Treponema pallidim Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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fomites

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inanimate objects and act as an indirect transmitter of pathogens used tissues unsanitized eating utensils toys and contaminated needles are examples

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acute disease

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develop faster for short duration influenza