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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
unicellular fungi are referred to as _____
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yeasts
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asexual reproduction in fungi involves the use of _____
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conidia
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sexual reproduction in fungi involves the use of ______
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a. zygospores
b. basidiospores c. ascospores |
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fungi that can grow in either the yeast or mold form depending on environmental conditions exhibit _____
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dimorphism
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all of the following are characteristics or components of innate immunity except
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memory
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____ released from injured tissues recruits responding leukocytes to damaged sites
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chemotactic factor
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the cells of the epidermis contain _____, waterproofing protein that provides strength to the outer layer of skin
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keratin
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which of the following cell types produce mucus in the lower respiratory tract?
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goblet cell
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tears contain of all the following except ____
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sebum
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all of the following lysozyme except ____
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stomach acid
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low pH is associated with all of the following except ______
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tears
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which of the following is a cellular mechanism that participates in the second line of defense in innate immunity
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phagocytosis
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all of the following are examples of granulocytes except _____
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B lymphocytes
monocytes |
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differentiate into macrophages at the sites of inflammation
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monocytes
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all of the following describe the activity of mast cells except
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release peforin and granzyme to kill target cells
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dendritic cells located in the skin are referred to as ____-
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langerhans cells
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which of the following is incorrect regarding natural killer cells
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recognize target cells using toll-like receptors
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pathogens are internalized by phagocytes through the formation of ____
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pseudopodia
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which of the following is not a trigger of vasodilation?
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leukocyte endogenous mediator
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examples of acute phase proteins include ______
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mannose - binding protein
C - reactive protein |
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body temperature is regulated by the _____
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hypothalamus
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which of the following is a mismatched pair?
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alternative pathway of complement: mannose - binding protein
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which of the following are outcomes of complement activation
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1. membrane attack complex
2.opsonization 3. inflammation |
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antiviral proteins are synthesized by neighboring cells but require ____ to become activated
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double stranded RNA
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the concentration of antibody in the serum generated in response to an infectious pathogen is called the _____
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titer
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the b-cell antigen receptor is called a _____
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immunoglobulin
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T - cell receptors have _____ of antigen - binding sites in comparison with B - cell receptors
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half the number
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specialized antigen - collecting cells of the gastrointestinal tract are called _____
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M cells
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which of the following explains T cell homeostasis in the elderly
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long lived t cells divide by mitosis in periphery
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lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that have a high degree of affinity for self antigen undergo ______ during B cell development
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clonal deletion
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long lived lymphocytes that respond more rapidly and effectively on antigen encounter at a later time are known as ____ cells
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memory
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the isotype of an antibody is determined by the ____
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constant region of the heavy chain
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the location on the immunoglobulin that contributes to the unique antigen-binding site is referred to as the ____
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hypervariable region
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all of the following are examples of chemical interactions used to facilitate the binding of antigen to antibody except
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peptide bonds
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____ is the predominant antibody made during a primary immune response, and it consists of ____ antigen binding sites
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IgM; ten
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the movement of antibodies across epithelial barriers is called ____?
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transcytosis
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when antigen binds to _____ on the surface of mast cells, inflammatory mediators are released, provoking vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
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IgE
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Babies who breast feed are afforded passive immune protection of their gastrointestinal tracts by the presence of ____ in colostrum
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IgA
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_____ protects the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts by inhibiting the adherence of pathogens to host cell surfaces
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IgA
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the production of armed effector T cells is made possible by all of the following except ____
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mast cells
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which of the following accurately describes the morphological appearance of a mast cell after it has been activated
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the absence of dark granules in the cytoplasm
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all of the following are consequences of macrophage activation except ____
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the release of perforin
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cytotoxic T cells use all of the following to destroy target cells with the exception of ____
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transforming growth factor - beta
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all of the following are characteristics of memory cells except ______
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once generated they do not undergo cell division
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which of the following is a mismatched pair
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antisepsis; inanimate objects
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degerming is best describe as ____
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a mechanical process for removing microbes
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a bacteriostatic agent is one that
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inhibits the growth of the microbe
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which of the following is not susceptible to the effects of surfactants
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non-enveloped viruses
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the microbial death rate associated with antimicrobial agents is ___
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logarithmic
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of the following, the most effective method of nucleic acid disruption is _____
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radiation
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microbial death has occurred if ______
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reproductive capability is lost even when microbe is placed in optimal conditions
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which of the following is not used as an antiseptic for skin
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formaldehyde
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a ____ is a solution made by combining alcohol with another antimicrobial compound
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tincture
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the thermal death time is _____
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the shortest period required to kill al microbes at a particular temperature
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which of the following is a mismatched pair
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ethylene oxide; dialysis machines
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which of the following is ued to destroy endospores in a liquid medium that will subsequently be used to culture bacteria
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pressurized steam
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which of the following is a mismatched pair
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food preservation: hypotonic medium
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penicillin resistance in bacteria is conferred by the production of _____
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B-lactamase
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augmentin combines amoxicillin with ____ to overcome enzymatic resistance to the antibiotic by the microbe
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potassium clavulanate
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which of the following antibiotics is mismatched with its mode of action
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vancomycin: inhibition of cell wall synthesis in gram-negative bacteria
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the efficacy of penicillin is highest during the _____ phase of the bacterial life cycle
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log
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Cephalosporins are more effective than the penicillins against gram - negative bacteria because ____
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1.they are able to penetrate the outer membrane through the porin molecules
2.they are resistant to B - lactamase enzyme activity |
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which of the following antibiotics contains a double bond in the B - lactam ring that protects against B - lactamase cleavage
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carbapenems
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which of the following is the drug combination of choice when treating tuberculosis?
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isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin
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All of the following target the 30S ribosomal subunit except _____
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erthyromycin
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all of the following target the 50S ribosomal subunit except ______
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streptomycin
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disruption of DNA synthesis occurs if _____ is targeted by antibiotics
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bacterial topoisomerase
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the process used to generate thousands of drugs daily with the aid of a computer program is referred to as ____
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combinatorial chemistry
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a _____ is a antimicrobial compound that is activated enzymatically after its introduction into the body
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prodrug
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which of the following is a mismatched pair in reference to antibiotic compounds composed of peptide fragments and where they are derived from?
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defensins: gram negative bacteria
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which of the following is not a drug used for viral infections
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ritonavir
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which of the following is not a drug used for fungal infections
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foscarnet
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which of the following is not a drug used for protozoan and heliminth infections
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griseofulvin
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