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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the interior of a hepatocyte.
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Abundant glycogen
Several hundred mitochondria Lots of RER for protein synthesis Bile canliculus for bile secretion Lipid droplets for storage of lipids and carbs |
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Where are Kupffer's cells located?
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Found on luminal surfaces of endothelial cells within sinusoids.
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What are the main function of Kupffer's cells?
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Phagocytose and breakdown aged RBCs
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What are Fat-Storing (Ito) cells?
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Modified fibroblasts in spaces of Disse which contain Vitamin A-rich lipid inclusions.
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What shape are classic liver lobules?
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Hexagons
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Why are classic liver lobules important?
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For pathological changes related to blood supply or toxic substances.
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What are portal lobules?
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Interlocking triangles with a central vein at each corner and a portal triad in the center.
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What is important about portal lobules?
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Important for pathological changes related to blockage of bile ducts or drainage of bile.
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What are classic liver lobules based on?
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Direction of blood flow.
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What are portal lobules based on?
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Direction of bile flow.
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What are Hepatic Acinus based on?
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Oxygen, nutrient, and toxin content.
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Where do the terminal branches of portal and hepatic vessels run between?
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Portal triads
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Hepatocytes closest to terminal distributing vessels are in what zone?
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Zone 1
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Hepatocytes midway to central vein are in what zone?
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Zone 2
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Hepatocytes closest to central vein are in what zone?
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Zone 3
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Which zone would have the lowest oxygen, nutrient, and toxin content?
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Zone 3
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Which zone would be most susceptible to damage by blood-borne toxins?
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Zone 1
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Which zone would be the first to respond to glucose-poor blood in a fasting state?
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Zone 1
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What substances are added to Hepatic secretions?
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Bile salts, phospholipids, water, electrolytes, and waste products.
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What cells secrete bile salts and phospholipids in the liver?
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Hepatocytes
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What cells add water and electrolytes to hepatic secretions?
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Duct cells
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Why is phospholipids added to hepatic secretion
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To increase the solubility of cholesterol
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What are the 2 waste products produced in hepatic secretions?
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Cholesterol and bilirubin
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Describe the formation of bile acids.
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Cholesterol backbone
Primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) Converted to secondary acids by bacterial action. |
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Describe the mechanisms for control of liver secretions.
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Stimulated by increased bile salts returning via the enterohepatic circulation.
Presence of bile acids in ducts increases secretion of water/bicarbonate by ducts, controlled by Secretin |
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Why does returning bile salts signal liver to release more?
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Returning bile salts tell liver to prepare for next meal.
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What causes gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic juice?
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Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine releasing CCK.
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What is the diagnostic feature of the gallbladder microanatomy?
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Numerous branched mucosal folds that give it a glandular appearance.
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What are the large irregular folds in the gallbladder called?
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Rokitansky-Aschoff crypts/sinuses
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What causes the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi in the gallbladder?
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CCK-PZ and Peristalsis
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What is Cholelithiasis and what are the 4 Fs?
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Gall stones
Female, fate, 40s, flatulent |
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What causes Popo Blanco?
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No bile, presents with jaundice, alcoholic and dark urine, and hepatomegaly
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What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
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production of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich buffering solution
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What part of the pancreas created a variety of digestive proenzymes?
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Pancreatic acinar cells
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What do cebtroacinar cells create?
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Produce watery, bicarbonate-rich alkaline fluid
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What enzymes are secreted from acinar cells?
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Proteolytic (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase)
Amylase Fats (Lipase, cholestrol esterase, phospolipase) |
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What enzyme activates trypsin?
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Enterokinase
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Why does the pancreas secrete "trypsin inhibitor"?
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To prevent autolysis
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Huge amounts of HCO3 are secreted by what cell in the pancreas?
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Centroacinar
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What is the role of bicarbonate?
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Neutralize acid
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Describe the 3 phases of pancreatic secretion?
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1. Cephalic- (Ach) increased secretion of enzymes (not bicarb)
2. Gastric- (Ach + gastrin) enzyme secretion 3. Intestinal (CCK and Secretin) increase enzyme, increase bicarb, and FLOW! |
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What is the stimulus for intestinal secretions?
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Tactile stimulation of mucosa.
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What is the use of mucus in the colon?
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Lubrication, protection, and hold feces together.
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