Microanatomy 3-3 Urinary System

Front 1

transitional epithelium is also know as _____

Back 1

urothelium

Front 2

What are 3 kidney endocrine functions?

Back 2

-Erythropoietin synthesis and secretion
-Renin synthesis and secretion
-Hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 to hormonally active 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3

Front 3

What enters and exits the kidney at the hilum?

Back 3

-Enter: vessels & nerves
-Exit: renal pelvis

Front 4

In which part of the kidney does the ureter originate?

Back 4

renal pelvis

Front 5

The kidney capsule has an outer layer of ____ + ____ fibers and an inner layer of ____.

Back 5

-Outer: fibroblasts and collagen fibers
-Inner: myofibroblasts

Front 6

The renal pyramids form the _____ and the renal columns form the _____.

Back 6

medulla and cortex

Front 7

The number of _____ in the kidney equals the number of medullary pyramids.

Back 7

lobes

Front 8

What 2 structures combine to form the renal lobes?

Back 8

medullary pyramids + asociated cortex

Front 9

Lobule consists of a _____ and all the _____ that it drains

Back 9

collecting duct, nephrons

Front 10

renal secretory unit

Back 10

medullary ray containing the collecting duct for a group of nephrons that drain into that duct

Front 11

During development, each lobe is a _____ on the outer surface of the organ that enlarge and “squish” together.

Back 11

convexity

Front 12

What histological structure indicate you are in the cortex?

Back 12

renal corpuscle

Front 13

Where does the majority of blood pass through the kidney, cortex or medulla?

Back 13

cortex; makes is look darker than the medulla

Front 14

Name the primary structures in the cortex: (6)

Back 14

-renal corpuscles
-convoluted tubules
-straight tubules
-collecting tubules
-collecting ducts
-vascular supply

Front 15

Name the primary structures in the medulla: (3)

Back 15

-straight tubules
-collecting ducts
-vasa recta

Front 16

cortical labryrinths

Back 16

-Regions between medullary rays
-Contain RCs, convoluted tubules & collecting tubules

Front 17

Medullary rays are aggregations of _____ & _____.

Back 17

straight tubules & collecting ducts; appear to emanate from the medulla

Front 18

nephron

Back 18

structural & functional unit of the kidney; begins at renal corpuscle and ends at inner medullary collecting duct

Front 19

renal corpuscle

Back 19

-Begining of the nephron
-Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
-afferent arteriole enters, efferent arteriole exits

Front 20

glomerulus

Back 20

tuft of capillaries w/in Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle

Front 21

What are the two poles at either end of the renal corpuscle?

Back 21

-Vascular pole: afferent and efferent arterioles penetrate Bowman's capsule
-Urinary pole: beginning of proximal convoluted tubule

Front 22

Describe the parietal & visceral layer of Bowman's capsule:

Back 22

-Parietal: simple squamous epith.
-Visceral: podocytes

Front 23

What are the 3 components of the filtration apparatus?

Back 23

-Glomerular capillary endothelium (capillary endothelium)
-Glomerular basement membrane (basal lamina)
-Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule (podocytes)

Front 24

Glomerular capillary endothelium

Back 24

lots of fenestrations allow substances to pass through; possess many AQP-1 channels

Front 25

Glomerular basement membrane

Back 25

basal lamina formed by endothelium + podocytes; type IV collagen

Front 26

What is the principal component of the filtration apparatus?

Back 26

Glomerular basement membrane

Front 27

The parietal layer of owman's capsule is continuous w/ the cuboidal epithelium of the _____.

Back 27

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 28

Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

Back 28

Podocytes: attached to the basement membrane of the glomerulus' endothelial cells

Front 29

Pedicles

Back 29

Foot processes of podocytes that interdigitate with pedicles of adjacent podocytes; filtration slits between pedicles have a diaphram preventing large molecules from passing into the urinary space (e.g. albumin & Hb)

Front 30

Minimal change disease

Back 30

difuse effacement of podocyte foot processes

Front 31

What is the significance of albumin or hemoglobin in urine?

Back 31

If able to pass through the filtration apparatus, indicates physical or functional damage to the glomerular basement membrane.

Front 32

The _____ (foot process) of the podocytes rest on the _____ adjacent to the _____.

Back 32

pedicles, basal lamina, capillary endothelium.

Front 33

Good Pasteures Disease

Back 33

-Rapidly progressive (Cresentic) Glomerulonephritis
-ABs against type IV collagen attack glomerular basement membrane

Front 34

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 34

-simple cuboidal epith.
-eosinophilic mitochondria
-long microvilli on luminal side
-initial site of reabsorption: glucose, AAs & Na

Front 35

The PCT has _____ shaped lumen and has a _____ diameter than the DCT. (smaller or larger)

Back 35

star shaped lumen, larger diameter than DCT

Front 36

T/F: The loop of Henle descend into the outer medulla.

Back 36

false; it descends to the inner medulla

Front 37

Where is the nephron loop found?

Back 37

medullary rays

Front 38

What type of epithelium comprises the nephron loop?

Back 38

simple squamous or low cubiodal

Front 39

T/F: The thin limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to Na.

Back 39

false; permeability to Na establishes a hypertonic fluid

Front 40

Which is longer, PCT or DCT?

Back 40

PCT; DCT is 1/3 the length of PCT

Front 41

Which has more nuclei, PCT or DCT?

Back 41

DCT

Front 42

What is reabsorbed and secreted in the DCT?

Back 42

-Reabsorbed: Na & bicarb
-Secreted: K and amonium

Front 43

What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 43

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells & extraglomerular messangial cells

Front 44

macula densa

Back 44

-salt sensor
-collection of DCT cells adjacent to the afferent & efferent arterioles

Front 45

juxtaglomerular cells

Back 45

-smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole adjacent to DCT
-secretory granules release renin

Front 46

What does the juxtglomerular apparatus do?

Back 46

activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to regulate blood pressure in response to low Na

Front 47

Medullary collecting ducts have _____ cells, transitioning to _____ cells as the ducts increase in size.

Back 47

cuboidal, columnar

Front 48

principal cells

Back 48

(collecting tubules and ducts)- light cells; contain ADH & AQP-2 channels

Front 49

intercalated cells

Back 49

(collecting tubules and ducts)- dark cells; secrete H+ or bicarb; decrease in number to zero as they approach the papilla

Front 50

Trace the blood supply of the kidney from renal artery to peritubular cortical capillaries.

Back 50

Renal artery↓
Segmental artery↓
Lobar artery↓
Interlobar artery↓
Arcuate arteries↓
Interlobular arteries↓
Afferent arterioles↓
Efferent arterioles↓
Peritubular cortical capillaries↓

Front 51

Interlobar arteries travel between the _____.

Back 51

renal pyraminds

Front 52

Arcuate arteries course between the _____ & _____.

Back 52

cortex and medulla

Front 53

Interlobular arteries give off branches, _____, one to each glomerulus.

Back 53

afferent arterioles

Front 54

Interlobular arteries are located half way between adjacent _____.

Back 54

medullary rays

Front 55

Trace blood flow in the kidneys from peritubular cortical capillaries to renal veins.

Back 55

peritubular cortical capillaries↓
interlobular veins↓
arcuate veins↓
interlobar veins↓
lobar veins↓
segmental veins↓
renal veins

Front 56

Interobular veins receive blood from peritubular cortical capillaries and _____ arteries.

Back 56

interlobular arteries

Front 57

What vascular network surrounds tubular portions of the nephron in the cortex?

Back 57

peritubular capillary network

Front 58

arteriole rectae

Back 58

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary corpuscles descending into medullary pyramid; Ascend as venulae rectae

Front 59

vasa rectae

Back 59

descending arteriole rectae and ascending venulae rectae
forms countercurrent exchange system with loop of Henle

Front 60

What drains into the minor calyces?

Back 60

Apical portion (pointy part) of medullary pyramid, the papilla, drains into minor calyx; Minor calyces converge to form major calyx

Front 61

Major calyces are branches of the _____.

Back 61

renal pelvis

Front 62

Where is transitional epithelium foundin the renal system?

Back 62

ureters, unrinary bladder and urethra

Front 63

Trace the flow of urine from kidney to toilet.

Back 63

area cribosa↓
minor calyx↓
major calyx↓
renal pelvis↓
ureter↓
urinary bladder↓
urethra

Front 64

T/F: Transitional epithelium is impermeable to salts an water.

Back 64

true

Front 65

Describe the change in thickness of transitional epithelium from minor calyces to urinary bladder.

Back 65

-minor calyces: 2 cell layers
-ureter: 4-5
-empty bladder: 6
-distended bladder: 3 "true" layers flatten and unfold as bladder fills with urine

Front 66

Describe the urothelium underlining.

Back 66

-Dense collagenous lamina propria
-No musculais mucosa nor submucosa
-Smooth muscle in ureters and urethra has opposite orientation of muscularis externa of GI tract:
*Inner longitudinal layer
*Outer circular layer
-Smooth muscle arranged in parallel bundles mixed w/ CT rather than muscular sheets.

Front 67

What makes up the wall of the ureters and why makes it star shaped?

Back 67

-mucosa, muscularis, advenditia
-contraction of muscularis sm. muscle causes luminal surface to fold into star shape.

Front 68

What is the trigone?

Back 68

-triangular region of bladder defined by 2 ureteric orifices and 1 internal urethral orifice
-the trigone is smooth and constant in thickness compared to the rest of the bladder which varies with distension

Front 69

Why is the trigone's wall different from the rest of the bladder?

Back 69

Embryological origin:
-trigone: mesonephric ducts
-rest of bladder wall: cloaca

Front 70

detrusor muscle

Back 70

-bladder wall sm. muscle
-contraction compresses entire bladder forcing urine into urethra
-sm. muscle bundles of detrusor muscle are less regularly arranged than the tubular portions of the excretory passages

Front 71

internal urethral sphincter

Back 71

-ringlike arrangement of detrusor muscle fibers toward the opening of the urethra
-involuntary

Front 72

prostatic urethra

Back 72

-neck of bladder to prostate gland
-urothelium
-ejaculatory ducts and many small prostatic ducts enter POSTerior wall

Front 73

membranous urethra

Back 73

-prostate gland to the bulb of penis
-passes through urogenital diaphragm of pelvic floor as it enters perineum
-transition from urothelium to stratified or pseudostratified columnar epith. (resembles epith. of genital duct system)

Front 74

external urethral sphincter

Back 74

-urogenital diaphragm skeletal muscle surrounding membranous urethra
-voluntary

Front 75

penile (spongy) urethra

Back 75

-extends through length of penis and opens at glans penis
-surrounded by corpus spongiosum
-pseudostrat columnar epith.; stratified squamous epith. at distal end
-bubourethral glands and urethral glands empty into penile urethra