Microanatomy 2-2 Blood

Front 1

Fnx of Blood:

Back 1

- nutrient/gas transport
- waste transport
- hormone transport
- immune cell transport
- body temp regulation

Front 2

What are the 3 primary components of blood and the relative percentages of each?

Back 2

- Plamsa 55%
- Buffy Coat < 1% (WBCs and Platelets)
- RBCs 45%
*listed from top to bottom in centrifuged sample

Front 3

how is blood a specialized type of CT?

Back 3

- Mesenchyme derived
- Cells= RBCs and WBCs
- ECM= Plasma
- Fibers= Firbin

Front 4

What dyes are used in a blood smear?

Back 4

Wright Stain= Eosin + Methylene Blue

Front 5

Eosin

Back 5

acidic, stains pink

Front 6

Methylene Blue:

Back 6

basic, stains blue-purple

Front 7

Serum:

Back 7

Everything in plasma, minus clotting factors... liquid components

Front 8

Formed Elements:

Back 8

45% of whole blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes... i.e. RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

Front 9

Blood is ___ percent water and ___ percent other stuff.

Back 9

90%, 10%.... the other stuf is ions, gases, nutirents, waste, hormones, enzymes, and plasma proteins.

Front 10

What are the 3 main classes of plasma proteins?

Back 10

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogens

Front 11

Albumin

Back 11

– Most abundant plasma proteins
– Contribute to blood colloid osmotic pressure(ability of blood to “hold on”to water)
– Fnx in the transport of lipids such as steroid hormones and dietary fats

Front 12

Globulins

Back 12

preformed antibodies

Front 13

Fibrinogens

Back 13

clotting factors; activated by BV injury to form FIBRIN

Front 14

Hemopoiesis:

Back 14

formation process of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets).

Front 15

where does Hemopoiesis occur in the fetus?

Back 15

liver, spleen, nearly all spongy bone

Front 16

where does Hemopoiesis occur in adults?

Back 16

proximal femur & humerus, sternum, and iliac crest

Front 17

How are platelets produced?

Back 17

fragments that bud off of Megakaryocytes

Front 18

Hemopoiesis: Pluripotent stem cells give rise to Myeloid stem cells which gives rise to______ and Lymphoid stem cells which give rise to_____.

Back 18

Myeloid- CFUs (colony forming units)→ RBCs, Megakaryo, Mono, Neutro, Eosino, Baso
Lymphoid- B lymphos(→plasma cells) & T cells

Front 19

Erthrocytes:

Back 19

RBCs; no nucleus; biconcave disc- increases surface to vloume ratio by ~45%, **~7.5μm diameter**, can fit into vessels down to 7μm

Front 20

Erythropoeisis:

Back 20

occurs in red bone marrow; RBCs live ~120 days; get phagocytosed in spleen, liver and marrow.

Front 21

Hematocrit:

Back 21

% RBCs in whole blood or RBCs/mL:
- Men 40-50%, 5x10^9
- Women 35-45%, 4x10^9

Front 22

As bone ages, marrow converts to yellow adipose. Can it revert back to red marrow?

Back 22

yes

Front 23

Anemia

Back 23

decrease in O2 carrying capacity of blood; decreased hematocrit is one cause.

Front 24

Polycythemia

Back 24

increase in RBCs/mL... i.e. elevated hematocrit; thickened blood increases workload on the heart

Front 25

Reticulocytes

Back 25

•Immature RBCs
•No nucleus, some organelle remnants
•Normal reticulocyte count: < 1%
•Increased reticulocyte count = Accelerated Erythropoiesis

Front 26

Where are megakaryocytes located?

Back 26

bone marrow

Front 27

what is the appearance of activated platelets?

Back 27

spiny; inactivated platelets are smooth

Front 28

Leukocytes:

Back 28

WBCs; <1% of whole blood; Originate in the bone marrow and are released continuously into the blood; Travel in blood but fnx mainly in loose CT

Front 29

What are the two main classes of WBCs and who belongs to which class?

Back 29

Agranulocytes- **Lymphocytes, Monocytes**
Granulocytes- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Front 30

What are the relative percentages of WBCs to one another?

Back 30

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" , 60-40-6-4-1

Front 31

Neutrophils

Back 31

PMNs- polymorphonuclear leukocytes; **10μm diam**, multilobed nucleus; fnx=phagocytosis; makeup pus.

Front 32

When are increased numbers of Neutrophils seen?

Back 32

bacterial infections

Front 33

Chemotaxis

Back 33

Neutrophils migrate out of post-capillary venules into connective tissue toward infected tissue; attratced by Chemokines released from CT

Front 34

Eosinophils

Back 34

**10μm diam**; bilobed nucleus; acid loving, stain bright pink; mediate Allergic Rxns= couneract histamines

Front 35

When are increased numbers of Eosinophils seen?

Back 35

parasitic infection, allergic rxns, chronic inflammation

Front 36

Basophils

Back 36

**8μm diam**; bilobed nucleus; base loving, stain very dark blue; release Histamine & Heparin=inflammation

Front 37

What is the counterpart of basophils in areolar CT?

Back 37

mast cells, but they are not derived from each other.

Front 38

When is there an increase in Basophil numbers?

Back 38

allergic rxns

Front 39

Monocytes

Back 39

**15μm diam**; large, horseshoe shaped nucleus; migrate out of the blood into the tissues where they become macrophages

Front 40

Osteoclasts are derived from_____.

Back 40

monocytes

Front 41

Lymphocytes

Back 41

**8μm diam**; Large, spherical nucleus surrounded by pale blue cytoplasm

Front 42

How do you differentiate between Monocytes and Lymphocytes?

Back 42

monocytes much bigger, lymphocytes are usually same size as RBCs; lymphocyte nucleus is very large, leaving a small crescent shaped bit of cytoplasm.

Front 43

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

Back 43

T cells and B cells

Front 44

T cells

Back 44

some directly kill foreign or infected cells; others activate phagocytes to destroy microbes

Front 45

B cells

Back 45

secrete antibodies that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytic cells; can differentiate into plasma cells.